Ancient Kartara - Revision history

Jason: Changing verb roots to use the participle form.

2021-12-09T22:02:59Z

Changing verb roots to use the participle form.

Jason: /* Noun Phrases */

2020-07-19T04:18:50Z

Noun Phrases

Jason: Changing the format of verbs

2019-11-27T16:18:32Z

Changing the format of verbs

Jason: /* {{Term|Phonology}} */ sectioning the content; modifying the stress rules description a bit; added a missing period

2019-09-15T11:51:30Z

{{Term|Phonology}}: sectioning the content; modifying the stress rules description a bit; added a missing period

Jason: /* Adjective Inflection */ correct underline

2019-09-15T11:46:53Z

Adjective Inflection: correct underline

Jason: /* Noun Inflection */ paucal inflection for quantified generics

2019-09-15T11:44:59Z

Noun Inflection: paucal inflection for quantified generics

Jason: /* Noun Inflection */ not glaring at all

2019-09-15T11:41:45Z

Noun Inflection: not glaring at all

Jason: /* {{Term|Derivational Morphology|s=yes}} */ unaccented h at start of word clarification

2019-01-03T08:14:46Z

{{Term|Derivational Morphology|s=yes}}: unaccented h at start of word clarification

Jason: /* {{Term|Phonology}} */

2018-08-04T22:42:24Z

Jason: /* {{Term|Morphology}} */ creating Pronoun subsection; adding reflexive pronouns

2018-01-09T03:35:41Z

{{Term|Morphology}}: creating Pronoun subsection; adding reflexive pronouns

@@ Line 464: / Line 464: @@
 <localtag swapStopper="main!2000" />
-Animation is used to cycle through the various final consonants. Note that certain 1st-person and singular forms use the final consonant twice! <localtag noscript>''For those without JavaScript to show the animation:'' Bolded letters indicate the final consonants of the verb. ''P'', ''s'', ''ś'' and ''h'' are used as examples for their respective groups, and the bolded consonant(s) should be replaced with the actual final letter of the verb. For example, the verb ''okan''  ends in ''n'', which is group 2a. Therefore, the 2nd person singular informal form of ''okan'' would be ''okanini''.</localtag>
+Animation is used to cycle through the various final consonants. Note that certain 1st-person and singular forms use the final consonant twice! <localtag noscript>''For those without JavaScript to show the animation:'' Bolded letters indicate the final consonants of the verb. ''P'', ''s'', ''ś'' and ''h'' are used as examples for their respective groups, and the bolded consonant(s) should be replaced with the actual final letter of the verb. For example, the verb ''okanoĭa''  ends in ''n'', which is group 2a. Therefore, the 2nd person singular informal form of ''okanoĭa'' would be ''okanini''.</localtag>
 Dual and paucal forms merge in the 2nd and 3rd persons. Formal/informal distinctions merge in the 3rd person; formality can be noted on the noun with the prefix ''es-''.
@@ Line 530: / Line 530: @@
 |}</localtag>
-Simple movement is indicated by inflecting the noun being used as a reference point. Most of the time, the verb ''puf'' is used to indicate a change of location. However, it is usually omitted in the present tense. (Note that an initial h is always dropped before applying a prefix.)
+Simple movement is indicated by inflecting the noun being used as a reference point. Most of the time, the verb ''pufaĭa'' is used to indicate a change of location. However, it is usually omitted in the present tense. (Note that an initial h is always dropped before applying a prefix.)
 :'''''Aulno <u>pufio</u> <u>fi</u>ofpaĭa.'''''<br>The cow came from the island.
@@ Line 537: / Line 537: @@
 :'''''Umu <u>foĭ</u>atofańa.'''''<br>The cat goes along the tree branches.
-Typically, 'into', 'out of' and 'along' are the primary meanings. Other verbs, usually ''fin'', are used when context alone doesn't convey the full meaning intended.
+Typically, 'into', 'out of' and 'along' are the primary meanings. Other verbs, usually ''finoĭa'', are used when context alone doesn't convey the full meaning intended.
 :'''''Iomana <u>finepe</u> <u>saĭ</u>tatoimo.'''''<br>The husband will go to [the location of] the box.
@@ Line 686: / Line 686: @@
 Unlike inflections, derivations '''do''' change the stress of the word after affixes are applied. For example, inflecting ''eme'' (child) with the dual number (''emeki'') doesn't move the stress from "''em''", but deriving ''emekopa'' (childish) moves the stress to "''ko''".
-Also note that, because the stress is changing, ''h''s on a formerly stressed syllable are dropped. For instance, ''kaĭfohepe'' (demon) becomes adjectivized as ''kaĭfoepekoe'' (demonic). Unaccented ''h''s at the beginning of a word are ''not'' dropped if they remain at the beginning of the word (''huĭsenafo'', via ''huĭsen'').
+Also note that, because the stress is changing, ''h''s on a formerly stressed syllable are dropped. For instance, ''kaĭfohepe'' (demon) becomes adjectivized as ''kaĭfoepekoe'' (demonic). Unaccented ''h''s at the beginning of a word are ''not'' dropped if they remain at the beginning of the word (''huĭsenafo'', via ''huĭsenoĭa'').
 {{Sidebar

@@ Line 892: / Line 892: @@
 | hot<br>tepid<br>cool
 | huge<br>thin<br>wispy
-| Egyptian<br>Spanish<br>island
+| Egyptian<br>southern<br>island
 |}</localtag>

@@ Line 105: / Line 105: @@
 |}
 </localtag>
-Syllables can be generalized to be a vowel, optionally preceded and/or followed by a consonant. Words can only begin with a vowel, a stop, or a fricative. Only verbs may "end" in a consonant (see below), and even then it must not be an approximant. All other words end in vowels.
+Syllables can be generalized to be a vowel, optionally preceded and/or followed by a consonant. Words can only begin with a vowel, a stop, or a fricative, and always end in a vowel.
 ===Consonants===
@@ Line 127: / Line 127: @@
 ===Stress Rules===
-Verbs are stressed on the final syllable of their root. For all other words, the next-to-last syllable of the root word receives stress. If the root word has only one syllable, then the stress stays on it. A secondary stress may be added to any important affix to denote importance.
+Verbs are stressed on the third syllable from the end of their participle form, and that syllable remains stressed when the verb is conjugated (e.g. ''akipaĭa'' and its 1st-person conjugate ''akipe'' are both stressed on the ''ki''). For all other words, the next-to-last syllable of the root word receives stress. If the root word has only one syllable, then the stress stays on it. A secondary stress may be added to any important affix to denote importance.
 =={{Term|Morphology}}==
@@ Line 214: / Line 214: @@
 Verbs are inflected for person, tense, number, formality and animacy. 1st and 2nd person are assumed to be animate, so only 3rd person has an inanimate inflection. The formal register is only inflected in the 2nd person.
-The participle form of the verb is the standard, but for simplicity's sake, the citation form used here is the bare verb without any endings applied. Verbs are grouped into three or four categories based on their final consonant.
+Verbs are grouped into three or four categories based on their final consonant.
-* '''Group 1''' consists of verbs ending with the labial consonants ''p'', ''m'' and ''f''.
+* '''Group 1''' consists of verbs with the labial consonants ''p'', ''m'' and ''f''.
 * '''Group 2''' consists of the dental and retroflex consonants, but is split into two series.
 ** '''Series 2a''' contains ''s'', ''t'' and ''n''.
@@ Line 712: / Line 712: @@
 <localtag scrollwrap>{| class="wikitable"
 ! rowspan="3" | ''Nouns''
-| style="text-align: center" | -s
+| style="text-align: center" | -soĭo
 | <nowiki>the characteristic use of [noun]</nowiki> (''whipping'', ''sawing'', ''shopping'')
 |-
-| style="text-align: center; white-space: nowrap; background-color: #efe" | -{ia}m
+| style="text-align: center; white-space: nowrap; background-color: #efe" | -{ia}maĭa
 | <nowiki>acting like [noun]</nowiki> (''be friendly'', ''burning'' <nowiki>[via fire])</nowiki>
 |-
-| style="text-align: center" | -pam
+| style="text-align: center" | -pamaĭa
 | <nowiki>to make or get [noun]</nowiki> (''fishing'', ''mining'')
 |-
 ! ''<span class="desktop">Adjectives</span><abbr title="Adjectives" class="mobile">Adjs</abbr>''
-| style="text-align: center" | -p
+| style="text-align: center" | -paĭa
 | <nowiki>increase the quality of [adjective]</nowiki> (''strengthen'', ''beautify'')
 |-
@@ Line 732: / Line 732: @@
 | <nowiki>doing the opposite of [verb]</nowiki> (''disagree'', ''undo'')
 |-
-| style="text-align: center" | -es
+| style="text-align: center" | -esoĭo
 | turns an intransitive verb into a transitive verb
 |}</localtag>
-''-es'' has few uses, mostly confined to the effects of magic.
+''-esoĭo'' has few uses, mostly confined to the effects of magic.
 :'''''Uĭte tososamomo.'''''<br>The water froze.

@@ Line 105: / Line 105: @@
 |}
 </localtag>
-Syllables can be generalized to be a vowel, optionally preceded and/or followed by a consonant. Words can only begin with a vowel, a stop, or a fricative. Only verbs may "end" in a consonant (see below), and even then it must not be an approximant. All other words end in vowels
+Syllables can be generalized to be a vowel, optionally preceded and/or followed by a consonant. Words can only begin with a vowel, a stop, or a fricative. Only verbs may "end" in a consonant (see below), and even then it must not be an approximant. All other words end in vowels.
 Typical Kartara does not differentiate between voiced and unvoiced stops and fricatives. The unvoiced versions are most commonly used, and do not aspirate. The lack of aspiration makes unvoiced consonants sound voiced to most foreigners. For instance:  ''kart́ara'' is has been interpreted by continentals to be "kardara".
@@ Line 118: / Line 120: @@
 Kartara '''f''' sounds similar to English f, but is made only with the lips.
 Front vowels are unrounded, while back vowels are rounded. The vowel sound '''&#301;''' is used to form dipthongs, which gives Kartara the following nine vowels: a, e, i, o, u, a&#301;, e&#301;, o&#301;, and u&#301;. In IPA, therefore, the vowels are represented as [a], [e̞], [i], [o], [u], [aɪ̆], [e̞ɪ̆], [oɪ̆], and [uɪ̆].  Each vowel has its own separate notation.
-For non-verbs, the next-to-last syllable of the root word receives stress. If the root word has only one syllable, then the stress falls on it. Verbs are stressed on the final syllable of their root. A secondary stress may be added to any important affix to denote importance.
+===Stress Rules===
 =={{Term|Morphology}}==

@@ Line 650: / Line 650: @@
 :'''''Porto<u>maĭ</u> peĭka kepisoe haeĭńa paĭ t́aśeĭ.'''''<br>The most boring prisoner wanted eggs for breakfast.
 :'''''Pufe t́aśka<u>moĭlo</u> aheupu si foĭsu kaleĭlo.'''''<br>I'm angrier than a crow with an ugly boyfriend.
-:'''''Tafeme huĭumoĭlo <u>eĭa</u> t́aśka.'''''<br>I'm more embarrassed than angry.
+:'''''Tafeme huĭu<u>moĭlo</u> eĭa t́aśka.'''''<br>I'm more embarrassed than angry.
 ===Formal Register===

@@ Line 502: / Line 502: @@
 :'''''Pei<u>ru</u> kihisore.'''''<br>'''''Pei<u>ńa</u> kihisole.'''''<br>The dogs worry.
-The indefinite inflection is used to specify a noun that hasn't been previously identified (''a'' thing instead of ''the'' thing) or is otherwise unknown. It can also be used when talking about a generic example of a noun, though it's optional when the genericness is implied by a quantity word. In either case, the noun takes no other number marker (dual, paucal or plural), but the verb is inflected with the plural number.
+The indefinite inflection is used to specify a noun that hasn't been previously identified (''a'' thing instead of ''the'' thing) or is otherwise unknown. It can also be used when talking about a generic example of a noun, though it's optional when the genericness is implied by a quantity word. In either case, the noun takes no other number marker (dual, paucal or plural), and the verb is inflected for the plural (or paucal, if quantity is specified).
 :'''''Pei kihiso.'''''<br>The dog worries.

@@ Line 479: / Line 479: @@
 ===Noun Inflection===
-Nouns may be inflected with prefixes or suffixes. Prefixes generally denote the uses of nouns, while suffixes generally denote qualities of nouns, with the glaring exception of number inflections.
+Nouns may be inflected with prefixes or suffixes. Prefixes generally denote the uses of nouns, while suffixes generally denote qualities of nouns.
 {| class="wikitable"

@@ Line 105: / Line 105: @@
 |}
 </localtag>
-Syllables can be generalized to be a vowel, optionally preceded and/or followed by a consonant. Words can only begin with a vowel, a stop, or a fricative. Only verbs may end in a consonant, and even then it must not be an approximant. All other words end in vowels, and even verbs usually end up inflected into a vowel-final form.
+Syllables can be generalized to be a vowel, optionally preceded and/or followed by a consonant. Words can only begin with a vowel, a stop, or a fricative. Only verbs may "end" in a consonant (see below), and even then it must not be an approximant. All other words end in vowels
-Typical Kartara does not use voiced stops or fricatives. However, stops in the middle of words often take on partial voicing when they are preceded by an approximant. For instance:  ''kart́ara'' is has been interpreted by continentals to be "kardara".
+Typical Kartara does not differentiate between voiced and unvoiced stops and fricatives. The unvoiced versions are most commonly used, and do not aspirate. The lack of aspiration makes unvoiced consonants sound voiced to most foreigners. For instance:  ''kart́ara'' is has been interpreted by continentals to be "kardara".
-Stops do not typically have aspiration, but when two stops occur next to each other, the first stop is usually aspirated before moving on to the second. For instance: ''pat́ka'' is pronounced [paʈʰka].
+When two stops occur next to each other, the first stop is usually aspirated before moving on to the second. For instance: ''pat́ka'' is pronounced [paʈʰka].
 Glottal stops are not written, but they always happen between equal vowels (Ex: ''iipke'' [iʔipʰke̞]). They often occur between any two vowels if both are unstressed, and after a stressed vowel before an unstressed '''i'''.

@@ Line 124: / Line 124: @@
 =={{Term|Morphology}}==
 <localtag scrollwrap>
@@ Line 175: / Line 177: @@
 | style="white-space: nowrap" | kafaru<sup>1</sup>
 | kańa
 |}
 </localtag>
-<sup>1</sup> These forms are made with the standard suffixes. Therefore, stress always falls on the syllable ''ka''.
+<sup>1</sup> These forms are made with the standard suffixes. Therefore, stress always falls on the syllables ''ka'', ''po'' and ''so''.
 ===Grammatical Number===