Jason: +6 examples and a few fixes

2019-12-11T14:22:28Z

+6 examples and a few fixes

Show changes

Jason at 09:43, 8 December 2019

2019-12-08T09:43:08Z

Jason at 09:40, 8 December 2019

2019-12-08T09:40:07Z

Jason at 09:38, 8 December 2019

2019-12-08T09:38:44Z

Jason: 3sf -> 3fs, italicize stuff

2019-12-08T09:37:45Z

3sf -> 3fs, italicize stuff

Jason: EPIS fix

2019-12-08T09:15:56Z

EPIS fix

Jason: A beginning

2019-12-08T08:32:52Z

A beginning

New page

The sun shines.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Rodle''
| ''alad''
| ''kwot''
|-
| sun
| see
| the.world
|-
| ''Rodle''
| ''alad''
| ''kwipu''
|-
| sun
| see
| everything
|}

The sun is shining.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Rodle''
| ''ze''
| ''alad''
| ''kwot''
|-
| sun
| go.{{Term|CONT|p=g|t=continuous aspect}}
| see
| the.world
|}

The sun shone.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Rodle''
| ''dum''
| ''alad''
| ''kwot''
|-
| sun
| {{Term|REC|p=g|t=recent past tense}}
| see
| the.world
|}

The sun will shine.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Rodle''
| ''id''
| ''alad''
| ''kwot''
|-
| sun
| {{Term|FUT1|p=g|t=near future tense}}
| see
| the.world
|}

The sun has been shining.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Rodle''
| ''ze''
| ''dum''
| ''alad''
| ''kwot''
|-
| sun
| go.{{Term|CONT|p=g|t=continuous aspect}}
| {{Term|REC|p=g|t=recent past tense}}
| see
| the.world
|}

The sun is shining again.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Rodle''
| ''ze''
| ''gwat''
| ''alad''
| ''kwot''
|-
| sun
| go.{{Term|CONT|p=g|t=continuous aspect}}
| return
| see
| the.world
|}

The sun will shine tomorrow.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Rodle''
| ''id''
| ''alad''
| ''kwot''
| ''ot''
| ''aminaka''
|-
| sun
| {{Term|FUT1|p=g|t=near future tense}}
| see
| the.world
| at
| tomorrow
|}

The sun shines brightly.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Rodle''
| ''alad''
| ''lo-wozit''
| ''kwot''
|-
| sun
| see
| {{Term|ADVZ|p=g|t=adverbilizer}}-strong
| the.world
|}

The bright sun shines.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Wozit''
| ''rodle''
| ''alad''
| ''kwot''
|-
| strong
| sun
| see
| the.world
|}

The sun is rising now.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Rodle''
| ''ze''
| ''lin''
| ''ot''
| ''peme''
|-
| sun
| go.{{Term|CONT|p=g|t=continuous aspect}}
| come
| at
| now
|}

All the people shouted.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Kwiklo''
| ''ruzu''
| ''dum''
| ''wozitin''
|-
| all
| person
| {{Term|REC|p=g|t=recent past tense}}
| yell
|}

Some of the people shouted.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Buzkit''
| ''ruzu''
| ''dum''
| ''wozitin''
|-
| some
| person
| {{Term|REC|p=g|t=recent past tense}}
| yell
|}

Many of the people shouted twice.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Akbabup''
| ''ruzu''
| ''dum''
| ''wozitin''
| ''brak''
| ''ba''
|-
| many
| person
| {{Term|REC|p=g|t=recent past tense}}
| yell
| with
| two
|}

Happy people often shout.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Ip''
| ''duke''
| ''ruzu''
| ''gwina''
| ''wozitin''
|-
| {{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}}.{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}
| happy
| person
| {{Term|EPIS75|p=g|t=epistemic modality - high/usual probability}} often
| shout
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| The plural indefinite marker indicates this is a generic, nonspecific noun. The auxiliary gwina indicates a high probability, giving the context that we're not stating a fact, but observing a generalization.
|}

The kitten jumped up.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Itnipe''
| ''dwiba''
| ''ot''
| ''lano''
|-
| kitten
| jump
| to
| up
|}

The kitten jumped onto the table.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Itnipe''
| ''dwiba''
| ''ot''
| ''eed''
| ''pleenak''
|-
| kitten
| jump
| to
| on.top.of
| table
|}

My little kitten walked away.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''It''
| ''itnipe''
| ''bun''
| ''ak''
| ''dum''
| ''tree''
| ''nopu''
|-
| little
| kitten
| {{Term|PTCL|p=g|t=particle}}.{{Term|POSS|p=g|t=possessive marker}}
| {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
| {{Term|REC|p=g|t=recent past tense}}
| away
| walk
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| tree (and tle) express movement from (or to) a place understood by the listener
|}

It's raining.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Seeba''
| ''ze''
| ''mee''
|-
| rain
| go.{{Term|CONT|p=g|t=continuous aspect}}
| fall
|}

The rain came down.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Seeba''
| ''duda''
| ''mee''
|-
| rain
| {{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}}
| fall
|}

The kitten is playing in the rain.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Itnipe''
| ''ze''
| ''reenak''
| ''gopat''
| ''seeba''
|-
| kitten
| go.{{Term|CONT|p=g|t=continuous aspect}}
| play
| under
| rain
|}

The rain has stopped.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Seeba''
| ''peme''
| ''bitlaken''
|-
| rain
| now
| stop
|}

Soon the rain will stop.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Seena''
| ''id''
| ''bitlaken''
| ''ot''
| ''mang''
|-
| rain
| {{Term|FUT1|p=g|t=near future tense}}
| stop
| at
| soon
|}

I hope the rain stops soon.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Ak''
| ''babwo''
| ''seena''
| ''id''
| ''bitlaken''
| ''ot''
| ''mang''
|-
| {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
| hope
| rain
| {{Term|FUT1|p=g|t=near future tense}}
| stop
| at
| soon
|}

Once wild animals lived here.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Ip''
| ''atrazpa''
| ''tong''
| ''dro''
| ''ʘange''
| ''ot''
| ''ipwe''
|-
| {{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}}.{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}
| wild
| animal
| {{Term|REM|p=g|t=remote past tense}}
| live
| at
| here
|}

Slowly she looked around.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Wem''
| ''duda''
| ''dorap''
| ''l-ola''
| ''ot''
| ''wibre''
| ''kwipu''
|-
| {{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}sf
| {{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}}
| look
| {{Term|ADVZ|p=g|t=adverbilizer}}-slow
| at
| {{Term|DEF|p=g|t=definite}}.{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}
| everything
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| Dorap wibre kwipu, literally "look at the everything", gives a limit of sorts to the gaze. Compare how the sun "alad kwipu", sees everything (without limits).
|}

Go away!
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Wopre!''
|-
| leave
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| A second-person marker isn't needed when a command's recipient is obvious.
|}

Let's go!
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Ka''
| ''wopre!''
|-
| {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|pl|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|INCL|p=g|t=inclusive person}}
| leave
|}

You should go.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Du''
| ''keme''
| ''wopre''
|-
| {{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
| should
| leave
|}

I will be happy to go.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Ak''
| ''id''
| ''rizhe''
| ''wupu''
| ''dape''
| ''wopre''
|-
| {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
| {{Term|FUT1|p=g|t=near future tense}}
| have
| peace
| if.COND.{{Term|FUT1|p=g|t=near future tense}}
| leave
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| When two statements are combined with a conjunctive and one lacks a subject, it is assumed the subjects match. Modality markers like this are often bundled with tense markers.
|}

He will arrive soon.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Pa''
| ''id''
| ''lin''
| ''ot''
| ''mang''
|-
| {{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|m|p=g|t=masculine gender}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
| {{Term|FUT1|p=g|t=near future tense}}
| arrive
| at
| soon
|}

The baby's ball has rolled away.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Gusun''
| ''bun''
| ''datwa''
| ''eka''
| ''dum''
| ''tree''
| ''ozh''
|-
| ball
| PCTL.{{Term|POSS|p=g|t=possessive marker}}
| baby
| {{Term|PFV|p=g|t=perfective aspect}}
| {{Term|REC|p=g|t=recent past tense}}
| away
| roll
|}

The two boys are working together.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Wibre''
| ''ba''
| ''bedodo''
| ''ze''
| ''batude''
|-
| {{Term|DEF|p=g|t=definite}}.{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}
| two
| boy
| are.{{Term|CONT|p=g|t=continuous aspect}}
| working.together
|}

This mist will probably clear away.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Kwana''
| ''itiseeba''
| ''gwina''
| ''id''
| ''bitlaken''
|-
| this
| mist
| {{Term|EPIS75|p=g|t=epistemic modality - high/usual probability}}
| {{Term|FUT1|p=g|t=near future tense}}
| end
|}

Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Ip''
| ''opa''
| ''natalee''
| ''leena''
| ''ot''
| ''kwiklo''
| ''ipwe''
|-
| {{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}}.{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}
| lovely
| flowers
| grow
| at
| all.over
| here
|}

We should eat more slowly.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Ka''
| ''keme''
| ''we''
| ''l-ola''
| ''klup~klup''
|-
| {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|pl|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|INCL|p=g|t=inclusive person}}
| should
| eat
| {{Term|ADVZ|p=g|t=adverbilizer}}-slow
| much~more.than
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| Normally, you would say something like "turtle slow than hare" but in this case, we are saying we should just be slower.
|}

You have come too soon.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Zhu''
| ''dum''
| ''lin''
| ''l-ola''
| ''klup~klup''
|-
| {{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.FORM
| {{Term|REC|p=g|t=recent past tense}}
| arrive
| {{Term|ADVZ|p=g|t=adverbilizer}}-slow
| much~more.than
|}

You must write more neatly.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Du''
| ''keme~keme''
| ''ripik''
| ''dwupo''
| ''kulp~klup''
|-
| {{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
| must
| write
| neatly
| much~more.than
|}

Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Opa''
| ''brubinudo''
| ''ot''
| ''lebaka''
|-
| beautiful
| palace
| be.at
| across.from
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| A locational preposition used with ''ot'' can omit its object if it is obvious to the listener.
|}

Henry's dog is lost.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Shula''
| ''bun''
| ''Enri''
| ''ot''
| ''at''
| ''kwiklo''
| ''ipwe''
|-
| dog
| {{Term|POSS|p=g|t=possessive marker}}
| Henry
| at
| not
| all.over
| here
|}

My cat is black.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Nipwe''
| ''bun''
| ''ak''
| ''tawm''
|-
| cat
| {{Term|POSS|p=g|t=possessive marker}}
| {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
| black
|}

The little girl's doll is broken.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''amilee''
| ''bun''
| ''pudod-i''
| ''atwil''
|-
| doll
| {{Term|POSS|p=g|t=possessive marker}}
| girl-{{Term|DIM|p=g|t=diminutive}}
| broken
|}

I usually sleep soundly.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Ak''
| ''gwina''
| ''wapu''
| ''lo-wil''
|-
| {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
| {{Term|EPIS75|p=g|t=epistemic modality - high/usual probability}}
| sleep
| {{Term|ADVZ|p=g|t=adverbilizer}}-well
|}

The children ran after Jack.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Wibre''
| ''dodo''
| ''duda''
| ''man''
| ''atlebaka''
| ''Zhak''
|-
| {{Term|DEF|p=g|t=definite}}.{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}
| child
| {{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}}
| run
| behind
| Jack
|}

I can play after school.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Ak''
| ''taplu''
| ''id''
| ''reenak''
| ''obwo''
| ''ot''
| ''meezut''
|-
| {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
| can
| {{Term|FUT1|p=g|t=near future tense}}
| play
| after
| at
| school
|}

We went to the village for a visit.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Beng''
| ''duda''
| ''tle''
| ''woklal''
| ''ʘega''
| ''alad''
| ''ok''
|-
| {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|pl|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|EXCL|p=g|t=exclusive person}}
| {{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}}
| towards
| village
| for.the.purpose.of
| see
| it
|}

We arrived at the river.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Beng''
| ''eka''
| ''duda''
| ''tle''
| ''beetigra''
|-
| {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|pl|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|EXCL|p=g|t=exclusive person}}
| {{Term|PFV|p=g|t=perfective aspect}}
| {{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}}
| towards
| river
|}

I have been waiting for you.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Ak''
| ''eka''
| ''ze''
| ''kimada''
| ''ʘega''
| ''upi-lin''
| ''bun''
| ''du''
|-
| {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
| {{Term|PFV|p=g|t=perfective aspect}}
| {{Term|CONT|p=g|t=continuous aspect}}
| wait
| for
| GER-arrive
| {{Term|POSS|p=g|t=possessive marker}}
| {{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
|}

The campers sat around the fire.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Wibre''
| ''ateb''
| ''brub-u''
| ''ruzu''
| ''duda''
| ''kree''
| ''ot''
| ''ozhgu''
| ''pe''
| ''daneel''
|-
| {{Term|DEF|p=g|t=definite}}.{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}
| out.of
| house-{{Term|ADJZ|p=g|t=adjectivizer}}
| person
| {{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}}
| sit
| at
| circle
| to
| fire
|}

A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Ip''
| ''pudod-i''
| ''ǃu''
| ''ip''
| ''itnipe''
| ''duda''
| ''kree''
| ''ot''
| ''wung''
| ''ak''
|-
| {{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}}
| girl-{{Term|DIM|p=g|t=diminutive}}
| and
| {{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}}
| kitten
| {{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}}
| sit
| at
| near
| {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
|}

The child waited at the door for her father.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Pudodo''
| ''duda''
| ''kimada''
| ''ot''
| ''ebeb''
| ''lutee''
| ''ludan''
| ''ling''
| ''bun''
| ''wem''
|-
| girl
| {{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}}
| wait
| at
| door
| for
| see
| father
| {{Term|POSS|p=g|t=possessive marker}}
| {{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|f|p=g|t=feminine gender}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
|}

Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Ot''
| ''minaka''
| ''poklup''
| ''bata''
| ''pudodo''
| ''bazdap''
| ''woklal''
| ''agheem''
| ''itnipe''
| ''bun''
| ''wem''
|-
| at
| yesterday
| most
| old
| girl
| of
| village
| lose
| kitten
| {{Term|POSS|p=g|t=possessive marker}}
| {{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|f|p=g|t=feminine gender}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
|}

Were you born in this village?
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Du''
| ''dro''
| ''dlabee''
| ''ot''
| ''kwana''
| ''woklal?''
|-
| {{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
| {{Term|REM|p=g|t=remote past tense}}
| born
| at
| this
| village
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| Yes/no questions are conveyed with a rising inflection.
|}

Can your brother dance well?
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Dezong''
| ''bun''
| ''du''
| ''peegu''
| ''lo-wil?''
|-
| brother
| {{Term|POSS|p=g|t=possessive marker}}
| {{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
| dance
| {{Term|ADVZ|p=g|t=adverbilizer}}-well
|}

Did the man leave?
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Deruzu''
| ''wopre''
|-
| man
| leave
|}

Is your sister coming for you?
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Tuzong''
| ''bun''
| ''du''
| ''lin''
| ''ʘega''
| ''du?''
|-
| sister
| {{Term|POSS|p=g|t=possessive marker}}
| {{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
| come
| for
| you
|}

Can you come tomorrow?
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Du''
| ''lin''
| ''ot''
| ''aminaka?''
|-
| {{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
| come
| at
| tomorrow
|}

Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Wibre''
| ''madruzbub''
| ''wopre''
| ''ʘega''
| ''ʘungato?''
|-
| {{Term|DEF|p=g|t=definite}}.{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}
| neighbor
| leave
| for
| winter
|}

Does the robin sing in the rain?
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Ip''
| ''dwotong''
| ''bazdap''
| ''deeto''
| ''apeebo''
| ''kee''
| ''eb''
| ''seeba?''
|-
| {{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}}.{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}
| bird
| with
| red
| chest
| sing
| in
| rain
|}

Are you going with us to the concert?
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Du''
| ''tle''
| ''upetad''
| ''bazdap''
| ''beng?''
|-
| {{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
| towards
| performance
| with
| {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|pl|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|EXCL|p=g|t=exclusive person}}
|}

Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
{| class="wikitable"
| ''Du''
| ''duda''
| ''nopu''
| ''ot''
| ''ǃang''
| ''raglo?''
|-
| {{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
| {{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}}
| travel
| at
| hot
| forest
|}

@@ Line 376: / Line 376: @@
 |}
 {| class="wikitable"
-| ''Dorap wibre kwipu'', literally "look at the everything", gives a limit of sorts to the gaze. Compare how the sun ''alad kwipu'', sees everything (without limits).
+| ''Dorap ot wibre kwipu'', literally "look at the everything", gives a limit of sorts to the gaze. Compare how the sun ''alad kwipu'', sees everything (without limits).
 |}

@@ Line 296: / Line 296: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
 | ''Seeba''
 | ''peme''
 |-
 | rain
 | now
 |}

@@ Line 253: / Line 253: @@
 |}
 {| class="wikitable"
-| tree (and tle) express movement from (or to) a place understood by the listener
+| ''tree'' (and ''tle'') express movement from (or to) a place understood by the listener
 |}

@@ Line 367: / Line 367: @@
 | ''kwipu''
 |-
-| {{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}sf
+| {{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|f|p=g|t=feminine gender}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
 | {{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}}
 | look
@@ Line 376: / Line 376: @@
 |}
 {| class="wikitable"
-| Dorap wibre kwipu, literally "look at the everything", gives a limit of sorts to the gaze. Compare how the sun "alad kwipu", sees everything (without limits).
+| ''Dorap wibre kwipu'', literally "look at the everything", gives a limit of sorts to the gaze. Compare how the sun ''alad kwipu'', sees everything (without limits).
 |}

@@ Line 199: / Line 199: @@
 | happy
 | person
-| {{Term|EPIS75|p=g|t=epistemic modality - high/usual probability}} often
+| {{Term|EPIS|EPIS75|p=g|t=epistemic modality - high/usual probability}} often
 | shout
 |}
@@ Line 488: / Line 488: @@
 | this
 | mist
-| {{Term|EPIS75|p=g|t=epistemic modality - high/usual probability}}
+| {{Term|EPIS|EPIS75|p=g|t=epistemic modality - high/usual probability}}
 | {{Term|FUT1|p=g|t=near future tense}}
 | end
@@ Line 629: / Line 629: @@
 |-
 | {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}
-| {{Term|EPIS75|p=g|t=epistemic modality - high/usual probability}}
+| {{Term|EPIS|EPIS75|p=g|t=epistemic modality - high/usual probability}}
 | sleep
 | {{Term|ADVZ|p=g|t=adverbilizer}}-well