Difference between revisions of "Meta:Terminology"

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*'''{{ID|Glossing}}''' is the breaking down of an utterance, translating it morpheme by morpheme. It often uses abbreviations to denote special grammatical terms. For example, "John's" would gloss as "John-'s", which is then translated as "John-GEN", with GEN meaning the genitive (possessive) case.
 
*'''{{ID|Glossing}}''' is the breaking down of an utterance, translating it morpheme by morpheme. It often uses abbreviations to denote special grammatical terms. For example, "John's" would gloss as "John-'s", which is then translated as "John-GEN", with GEN meaning the genitive (possessive) case.
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**'''{{ID|p=G|1}}''' - 1st person (I, me)
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**'''{{ID|p=g|1}}''' - 1st person (I, me)
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**'''{{ID|p=G|2}}''' - 2nd person (you, thy)
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**'''{{ID|p=g|2}}''' - 2nd person (you, thy)
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**'''{{ID|p=G|3}}''' - 3rd person (he, her, they)
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**'''{{ID|p=g|3}}''' - 3rd person (he, her, they)
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**'''{{ID|p=G|ABL}}''' - ablative case: movement away from or out of something
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**'''{{ID|p=g|ABL}}''' - ablative case: movement away from or out of something
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**'''{{ID|p=G|ADJ}}''' - adjective
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**'''{{ID|p=g|ADJ}}''' - adjective
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**'''{{ID|p=G|ADJZ}}''' - adjectivizer: making a noun or verb into an adjective
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**'''{{ID|p=g|ADJZ}}''' - adjectivizer: making a noun or verb into an adjective
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**'''{{ID|p=G|ADV}}''' - adverb or adverbial
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**'''{{ID|p=g|ADV}}''' - adverb or adverbial
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**'''{{ID|p=G|AN}}''' - animate gender
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**'''{{ID|p=g|AN}}''' - animate gender
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**'''{{ID|p=G|AUG}}''' - augmentative: greater intensity or size
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**'''{{ID|p=g|AUG}}''' - augmentative: greater intensity or size
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**'''{{ID|p=G|BEN}}''' - benefactive case: doing something for someone
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**'''{{ID|p=g|BEN}}''' - benefactive case: doing something for someone
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**'''{{ID|p=G|CONJ}}''' - conjunction (and, but)
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**'''{{ID|p=g|CONJ}}''' - conjunction (and, but)
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**'''{{ID|p=G|COM}}''' - comitative case: together with something
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**'''{{ID|p=g|COM}}''' - comitative case: together with something
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**'''{{ID|p=G|DAT}}''' - dative case: the patient or direct object of a sentence
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**'''{{ID|p=g|DAT}}''' - dative case: the patient or direct object of a sentence
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**'''{{ID|p=G|DEM}}''' - demonstrative (this, that, these)
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**'''{{ID|p=g|DEM}}''' - demonstrative (this, that, these)
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**'''{{ID|p=G|DET}}''' - determiner (demonstratives, quantifiers)
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**'''{{ID|p=g|DET}}''' - determiner (demonstratives, quantifiers)
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**'''{{ID|p=G|DIM}}''' - diminutive: lesser intensity or size
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**'''{{ID|p=g|DIM}}''' - diminutive: lesser intensity or size
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**'''{{ID|p=G|DU}}''' - dual number (both)
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**'''{{ID|p=g|DU}}''' - dual number (both)
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**'''{{ID|p=G|EX}}''' - exclusive person: not including the listener
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**'''{{ID|p=g|EX}}''' - exclusive person: not including the listener
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**'''{{ID|p=G|F}}''' - feminine gender
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**'''{{ID|p=g|F}}''' - feminine gender
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**'''{{ID|p=G|FORM}}''' - formal register
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**'''{{ID|p=g|FORM}}''' - formal register
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**'''{{ID|p=G|FUT}}''' - future tense
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**'''{{ID|p=g|FUT}}''' - future tense
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**'''{{ID|p=G|GEN}}''' - genitive case: possessive marking
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**'''{{ID|p=g|GEN}}''' - genitive case: possessive marking
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**'''{{ID|p=G|IMP}}''' - imperative mood: command form
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**'''{{ID|p=g|IMP}}''' - imperative mood: command form
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**'''{{ID|p=G|INAN}}''' - inanimate gender
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**'''{{ID|p=g|INAN}}''' - inanimate gender
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**'''{{ID|p=G|INCL}}''' - inclusive person: including the listener
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**'''{{ID|p=g|INCL}}''' - inclusive person: including the listener
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**'''{{ID|p=G|INS}}''' - instrumental case: using or by means of something
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**'''{{ID|p=g|INS}}''' - instrumental case: using or by means of something
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**'''{{ID|p=G|LAT}}''' - lative case: movement toward or into something
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**'''{{ID|p=g|LAT}}''' - lative case: movement toward or into something
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**'''{{ID|p=G|LOC}}''' - locative case: in the time or place of something
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**'''{{ID|p=g|LOC}}''' - locative case: in the time or place of something
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**'''{{ID|p=G|M}}''' - masculine gender
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**'''{{ID|p=g|M}}''' - masculine gender
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**'''{{ID|p=G|NMZ}}''' - nominalization: making a non-noun into a noun
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**'''{{ID|p=g|NMZ}}''' - nominalization: making a non-noun into a noun
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**'''{{ID|p=G|NOM}}''' - nominative case: the subject or agent of a sentence
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**'''{{ID|p=g|NOM}}''' - nominative case: the subject or agent of a sentence
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**'''{{ID|p=G|PAU}}''' - paucal number (a few, a handful)
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**'''{{ID|p=g|PAU}}''' - paucal number (a few, a handful)
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**'''{{ID|p=G|PER}}''' - perlative case: movement through, across or along something
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**'''{{ID|p=g|PER}}''' - perlative case: movement through, across or along something
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**'''{{ID|p=G|PERF}}''' - perfect: an action occurred before the time we're talking about, and we're focusing more on how its completion affects this time
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**'''{{ID|p=g|PERF}}''' - perfect: an action occurred before the time we're talking about, and we're focusing more on how its completion affects this time
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**'''{{ID|p=G|PL}}''' - plural number (more than one, many)
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**'''{{ID|p=g|PL}}''' - plural number (more than one, many)
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**'''{{ID|p=G|PST}}''' - past tense
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**'''{{ID|p=g|PST}}''' - past tense
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**'''{{ID|p=G|PTCP}}''' - participle: making a verb into a non-verb
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**'''{{ID|p=g|PTCP}}''' - participle: making a verb into a non-verb
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**'''{{ID|p=G|s}}''' - singular number (one)
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**'''{{ID|p=g|s}}''' - singular number (one)
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**'''{{ID|p=G|SUPL}}''' - superlative: to the greatest degree of something
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**'''{{ID|p=g|SUPL}}''' - superlative: to the greatest degree of something

Revision as of 23:20, 7 May 2017

  • Phonology deals with the sounds that make up a language.
  • Morphology deals with the forms words can take in a language.
    • Inflection is modifying a word in a way that doesn't change its basic meaning.
      • word → words
      • red → redder, reddest
      • walk → walked, walks, walking
      • fall → (has) fallen
    • Derivational Morphology is modifying a word in a way that changes its meaning, and often the category of word it is.
      • agree(v) → disagree(v), agreement(n), agreeable(a)
      • burglar(n) → ex-burglar(n), burglary(n), burglarize(v), burglarious(a)
      • equal(a) → unequal(a), equalize(v), equality(n), equally(a)
  • Syntax is how words are put together to form sentences.
    • Basic English form is SVO, which stands for Subject Verb Object. SOV, VSO, VOS, OSV and OVS are all possible, with SOV being the most common, SVO next, and on through the list to OVS being the least common
      • SOV: Alice Oz imagines. (Korean, Turkish, Tamil, Yoda from Star Wars)
      • SVO: Alice imagines Oz. (English, Chinese, Swahili)
      • VSO: Imagines Alice Oz. (Classical Arabic, Hawaiian, Welsh)
      • VOS: Imagines Oz Alice. (Malagasy, Fijian)
      • OSV: Oz Alice imagines. (Hixkaryana)
      • OVS: Oz imagines Alice. (Warao)
  • Semantics is about the meaning of words.
    • Semantic Fields are groupings of words based on their shared meanings, such as dig being related to mine and shovel, but also being related to understand in some types of slang. (Can you dig it?)
  • Pragmatics is how context contributes to meaning.
    • The meaning of "It's a grave, can you dig it?" is entirely dependant on the context in which it's asked!
  • Lexicon is a listing of words that make up a language, not unlike a dictionary.
  • Glossing is the breaking down of an utterance, translating it morpheme by morpheme. It often uses abbreviations to denote special grammatical terms. For example, "John's" would gloss as "John-'s", which is then translated as "John-GEN", with GEN meaning the genitive (possessive) case.
    • 1 - 1st person (I, me)
    • 2 - 2nd person (you, thy)
    • 3 - 3rd person (he, her, they)
    • ABL - ablative case: movement away from or out of something
    • ADJ - adjective
    • ADJZ - adjectivizer: making a noun or verb into an adjective
    • ADV - adverb or adverbial
    • AN - animate gender
    • AUG - augmentative: greater intensity or size
    • BEN - benefactive case: doing something for someone
    • CONJ - conjunction (and, but)
    • COM - comitative case: together with something
    • DAT - dative case: the patient or direct object of a sentence
    • DEM - demonstrative (this, that, these)
    • DET - determiner (demonstratives, quantifiers)
    • DIM - diminutive: lesser intensity or size
    • DU - dual number (both)
    • EX - exclusive person: not including the listener
    • F - feminine gender
    • FORM - formal register
    • FUT - future tense
    • GEN - genitive case: possessive marking
    • IMP - imperative mood: command form
    • INAN - inanimate gender
    • INCL - inclusive person: including the listener
    • INS - instrumental case: using or by means of something
    • LAT - lative case: movement toward or into something
    • LOC - locative case: in the time or place of something
    • M - masculine gender
    • NMZ - nominalization: making a non-noun into a noun
    • NOM - nominative case: the subject or agent of a sentence
    • PAU - paucal number (a few, a handful)
    • PER - perlative case: movement through, across or along something
    • PERF - perfect: an action occurred before the time we're talking about, and we're focusing more on how its completion affects this time
    • PL - plural number (more than one, many)
    • PST - past tense
    • PTCP - participle: making a verb into a non-verb
    • s - singular number (one)
    • SUPL - superlative: to the greatest degree of something
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