Ancient Kartara/Verbs
Verbs are grouped into three or four categories based on their final consonants.
- Group 1 consists of verbs with the labial consonants p, m and f.
- Group 2 consists of the dental and retroflex consonants, but is split into two series.
- Series 2a contains s, t and n.
- Series 2b contains ś, t́ and ń.
- Group 3 consists of the velar consonants h and k.
Animations
The tables below cycle through the consonants in their groups every two seconds. Click on the checkbox by the group's name to pause that group's animation.
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Present Tense
| Singular | Dual | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (inclusive) | -peo | -peĭ | -paĭ | |
| 1st (exclusive) | -pe | -puo | -pae | -pou |
| 2nd | -pa | -para | -pala | |
| 2nd (formal) | -pape | -pareĭ | -paleĭ | |
| 3rd (animate) | -pi | -piro | -pilo | |
| 3rd (inanimate) | -popo | -poro | -polo | |
| Singular | Dual | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (inclusive) | -sio | -susu | -soĭ | |
| 1st (exclusive) | -se | -su | -saĭ | -suaĭ |
| 2nd | -si | -saro | -salo | |
| 2nd (formal) | -siseĭ | -sareĭ | -saleĭ | |
| 3rd (animate) | -so | -sore | -sole | |
| 3rd (inanimate) | -saa | -sara | -sala | |
| Singular | Dual | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (inclusive) | -śua | -śaśa | -śeĭ | |
| 1st (exclusive) | -śe | -śu | -śoĭ | -śuoĭ |
| 2nd | -śu | -śuro | -śuĺo | |
| 2nd (formal) | -śuśeĭ | -śureĭ | -śuĺeĭ | |
| 3rd (animate) | -śo | -śore | -śoĺe | |
| 3rd (inanimate) | -śaa | -śara | -śaĺa | |
| Singular | Dual | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (inclusive) | -hee | -haĭ | -huu | |
| 1st (exclusive) | -he | -heo | -hoe | -hoe |
| 2nd | -ha | -hara | -hala | |
| 2nd (formal) | -hate | -hareĭ | -haleĭ | |
| 3rd (animate) | -ha | -haro | -halo | |
| 3rd (inanimate) | -hiki | -hiri | -hili | |
Past Tense
In past and future tenses, Group 2 is no longer split into two series. However, the final l in plural endings changes to ĺ when preceded by a 2b consonant.
| Singular | Dual | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (inclusive) | -peto | -poĭ | -puĭ | |
| 1st (exclusive) | -pee | -pue | -pate | -potu |
| 2nd | -pu | -puru | -pulu | |
| 2nd (formal) | -pupe | -pureĭ | -puleĭ | |
| 3rd (animate) | -pio | -pira | -pila | |
| 3rd (inanimate) | -pipi | -piri | -pili | |
| Singular | Dual | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (inclusive) | -soo | -sisu | -soto | |
| 1st (exclusive) | -see | -sue | -sati | -sutoĭ |
| 2nd | -soe | -sure | -sule | |
| 2nd (formal) | -soseĭ | -suroĭ | -suloĭ | |
| 3rd (animate) | -sae | -sire | -sile | |
| 3rd (inanimate) | -sese | -siri | -sili | |
| Singular | Dual | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (inclusive) | -hete | -huĭ | -hutu | |
| 1st (exclusive) | -hii | -hetu | -hote | -hote |
| 2nd | -ho | -hore | -hole | |
| 2nd (formal) | -hoteĭ | -horeĭ | -holeĭ | |
| 3rd (animate) | -hio | -hera | -hela | |
| 3rd (inanimate) | -heko | -heri | -heli | |
Future Tense
| Singular | Dual | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (inclusive) | -peko | -poki | -puki | |
| 1st (exclusive) | -peke | -pukeĭ | -pake | -poku |
| 2nd | -po | -pere | -pele | |
| 2nd (formal) | -pope | -peroĭ | -peloĭ | |
| 3rd (animate) | -piu | -pura | -pula | |
| 3rd (inanimate) | -peĭpo | -peĭro | -peĭlo | |
| Singular | Dual | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (inclusive) | -suku | -sukoĭ | -sikoĭ | |
| 1st (exclusive) | -seke | -sekuĭ | -sapa | -supu |
| 2nd | -sii | -soru | -solu | |
| 2nd (formal) | -sieĭ | -soruĭ | -soluĭ | |
| 3rd (animate) | -sepe | -seri | -seli | |
| 3rd (inanimate) | -suĭa | -suĭra | -suĭla | |
| Singular | Dual | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (inclusive) | -hepe | -hoĭa | -hua | |
| 1st (exclusive) | -hoke | -hoĭtu | -hoĭta | -hoĭta |
| 2nd | -huku | -huru | -hulu | |
| 2nd (formal) | -hukuĭ | -huruĭ | -huluĭ | |
| 3rd (animate) | -hepe | -heri | -heli | |
| 3rd (inanimate) | -huĭta | -huĭra | -huĭla | |
