Difference between revisions of "Ancient Kartara/Examples"
(fixing two PLU to the correct PL) |
(→Single-Sentence Examples: +3 examples! the last of the list!) |
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Line 451: | Line 451: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| now.{{Term|IMP|p=g|t=imperative mood}} | | now.{{Term|IMP|p=g|t=imperative mood}} | ||
− | | {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term| | + | | {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|INCL|p=g|t=inclusive person}} |
| {{Term|ABL|p=g|t=ablative case}}-here | | {{Term|ABL|p=g|t=ablative case}}-here | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 529: | Line 529: | ||
Lovely flowers are growing everywhere. | Lovely flowers are growing everywhere. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
− | | '' | + | | ''Suĭtu-ńa-pu'' |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
| ''antali-lo'' | | ''antali-lo'' | ||
− | | ''oas-ala.'' | + | | ''oas-ala'' |
+ | | ''foĭ-śi.'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
| flower-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}-{{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}} | | flower-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}-{{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}} | ||
| beautiful-{{Term|AUG|p=g|t=augmentative}} | | beautiful-{{Term|AUG|p=g|t=augmentative}} | ||
| grow-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}} | | grow-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|PER|p=g|t=perlative case}}-place | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 550: | Line 546: | ||
| ''peĭaĺśe-moĭ-o.'' | | ''peĭaĺśe-moĭ-o.'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | should-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|PAU|p=g|t=paucal number}}.{{Term| | + | | should-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|PAU|p=g|t=paucal number}}.{{Term|INCL|p=g|t=inclusive person}} |
| eat-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | | eat-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | ||
| slow-{{Term|COMP|p=g|t=comparative}}-{{Term|AUG|p=g|t=augmentative}} | | slow-{{Term|COMP|p=g|t=comparative}}-{{Term|AUG|p=g|t=augmentative}} | ||
Line 797: | Line 793: | ||
Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten. | Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
− | | '' | + | | ''Oĭl-apopo'' |
− | |||
− | |||
| ''kusa'' | | ''kusa'' | ||
| ''tio-maĭ'' | | ''tio-maĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''oĭl-toĭka'' | ||
| ''aĭoĭn-ae'' | | ''aĭoĭn-ae'' | ||
| ''o-tahi'' | | ''o-tahi'' | ||
| ''umati.'' | | ''umati.'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-yesterday | |
− | |||
− | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}- | ||
| girl | | girl | ||
| old-{{Term|SUPL|p=g|t=superlative}} | | old-{{Term|SUPL|p=g|t=superlative}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-village | ||
| lose-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | | lose-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
| {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
Line 1,004: | Line 998: | ||
| ''olukopa'' | | ''olukopa'' | ||
| ''saĭ-aakulo'' | | ''saĭ-aakulo'' | ||
− | |||
| ''utis-ati'' | | ''utis-ati'' | ||
| ''fin-oĭa'' | | ''fin-oĭa'' | ||
Line 1,012: | Line 1,005: | ||
| sunny | | sunny | ||
| {{Term|LAT|p=g|t=lative case}}-summer.solstice | | {{Term|LAT|p=g|t=lative case}}-summer.solstice | ||
− | |||
| start-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|PAU|p=g|t=paucal number}}.{{Term|EX|p=g|t=exclusive person}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | | start-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|PAU|p=g|t=paucal number}}.{{Term|EX|p=g|t=exclusive person}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
| move-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | | move-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | ||
Line 1,130: | Line 1,122: | ||
| {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-basket | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-basket | ||
| cover | | cover | ||
− | | fall.{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term| | + | | fall.{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} |
| {{Term|LAT|p=g|t=lative case}}-floor | | {{Term|LAT|p=g|t=lative case}}-floor | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,155: | Line 1,147: | ||
| ''aĺpa'' | | ''aĺpa'' | ||
| ''t́o'' | | ''t́o'' | ||
− | |||
| ''atipa'' | | ''atipa'' | ||
| ''asuka-pu'' | | ''asuka-pu'' | ||
− | | ''tio | + | | ''tio'' |
| ''es-ae'' | | ''es-ae'' | ||
− | | ''puf-aĭa'' | + | | ''puf-aĭa.'' |
|- | |- | ||
| {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-house-{{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}} | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-house-{{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}} | ||
Line 1,166: | Line 1,157: | ||
| on.top.of | | on.top.of | ||
| hill | | hill | ||
− | |||
| wise | | wise | ||
| woman-{{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}} | | woman-{{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}} | ||
Line 1,172: | Line 1,162: | ||
| do-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | | do-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
| be-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | | be-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,181: | Line 1,168: | ||
| ''Oĭl-puf-ue'' | | ''Oĭl-puf-ue'' | ||
| ''oĭl-tusuo-ńa'' | | ''oĭl-tusuo-ńa'' | ||
− | |||
| ''tia'' | | ''tia'' | ||
| ''tues-ue'' | | ''tues-ue'' | ||
Line 1,189: | Line 1,175: | ||
| {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-be.{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|DU|p=g|t=dual number}}.{{Term|EX|p=g|t=exclusive person}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-be.{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|DU|p=g|t=dual number}}.{{Term|EX|p=g|t=exclusive person}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
| {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-farm-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-farm-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
− | |||
| sometimes | | sometimes | ||
| do.habitually-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|DU|p=g|t=dual number}}.{{Term|EX|p=g|t=exclusive person}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | | do.habitually-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|DU|p=g|t=dual number}}.{{Term|EX|p=g|t=exclusive person}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
Line 1,216: | Line 1,201: | ||
| ''oĭl-pai'' | | ''oĭl-pai'' | ||
| ''tasa'' | | ''tasa'' | ||
− | |||
| ''o-tahi'' | | ''o-tahi'' | ||
| ''finiśi'' | | ''finiśi'' | ||
Line 1,226: | Line 1,210: | ||
| {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-mouth | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-mouth | ||
| near | | near | ||
− | |||
| {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
| course | | course | ||
Line 1,239: | Line 1,222: | ||
| ''ome-ki'' | | ''ome-ki'' | ||
| ''isea'' | | ''isea'' | ||
− | |||
| ''hapitutaĭ'' | | ''hapitutaĭ'' | ||
| ''kirampati-pu'' | | ''kirampati-pu'' | ||
Line 1,247: | Line 1,229: | ||
| mountain-{{Term|DU|p=g|t=dual number}} | | mountain-{{Term|DU|p=g|t=dual number}} | ||
| lofty | | lofty | ||
− | |||
| fertile | | fertile | ||
| valley-{{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}} | | valley-{{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}} | ||
Line 1,256: | Line 1,237: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| ''Oĭl-puĭtia'' | | ''Oĭl-puĭtia'' | ||
− | |||
| ''seĭo-ńa-pu'' | | ''seĭo-ńa-pu'' | ||
| ''ia'' | | ''ia'' | ||
Line 1,263: | Line 1,243: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-wheat | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-wheat | ||
− | |||
| poppy-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}-{{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}} | | poppy-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}-{{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}} | ||
| red | | red | ||
Line 1,279: | Line 1,258: | ||
| ''fi-t́ala.'' | | ''fi-t́ala.'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-oak-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | + | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-oak.tree-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} |
| strong | | strong | ||
| root-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | | root-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
Line 1,306: | Line 1,285: | ||
The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress. | The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
− | | '' | + | | ''Kafi-koa'' |
| ''okuĭ'' | | ''okuĭ'' | ||
| ''ataf-io'' | | ''ataf-io'' | ||
Line 1,315: | Line 1,294: | ||
| ''teĭośaĭ-pu.'' | | ''teĭośaĭ-pu.'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | west | + | | {{Term|ADJZ|p=g|t=adjectivizer}}.from-west |
| wind | | wind | ||
| blow-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | | blow-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
Line 1,434: | Line 1,413: | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
− | | "Feel" in this context usually translates as "have". | + | | "Feel" in this context usually translates as "have". ''Takeis'' is used to convey what a person feels about themselves. |
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,494: | Line 1,473: | ||
| ''piaĭsko'' | | ''piaĭsko'' | ||
| ''oĭl-t́itao'' | | ''oĭl-t́itao'' | ||
− | | ''hisi.'' | + | | ''hisi-kopa.'' |
|- | |- | ||
| bird-{{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}} | | bird-{{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}} | ||
Line 1,505: | Line 1,484: | ||
| nest | | nest | ||
| {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-fruit.tree | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-fruit.tree | ||
− | | appple | + | | appple-{{Term|ADJZ|p=g|t=adjectivizer}} |
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,511: | Line 1,490: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| ''Oĭl-tisia'' | | ''Oĭl-tisia'' | ||
− | |||
| ''oes-ue'' | | ''oes-ue'' | ||
| ''op-uki'' | | ''op-uki'' | ||
Line 1,519: | Line 1,497: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-noon | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-noon | ||
− | |||
| eat-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|DU|p=g|t=dual number}}.{{Term|EX|p=g|t=exclusive person}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | | eat-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|DU|p=g|t=dual number}}.{{Term|EX|p=g|t=exclusive person}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
| {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|DU|p=g|t=dual number}}.{{Term|EX|p=g|t=exclusive person}} | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|DU|p=g|t=dual number}}.{{Term|EX|p=g|t=exclusive person}} | ||
Line 1,818: | Line 1,795: | ||
| ''fin-ekuĭ.'' | | ''fin-ekuĭ.'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|DU|p=g|t=dual number}}.{{Term| | + | | {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|DU|p=g|t=dual number}}.{{Term|INCL|p=g|t=inclusive person}} |
− | | go-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|DU|p=g|t=dual number}}.{{Term| | + | | go-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|DU|p=g|t=dual number}}.{{Term|INCL|p=g|t=inclusive person}}.{{Term|FUT|p=g|t=future tense}} |
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
Line 1,859: | Line 1,836: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| ''Salo'' | | ''Salo'' | ||
+ | | ''eloĭ'' | ||
| ''t́io'' | | ''t́io'' | ||
| ''kam-omo'' | | ''kam-omo'' | ||
Line 1,866: | Line 1,844: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| what | | what | ||
+ | | this | ||
| tree | | tree | ||
| be-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}} | | be-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}} | ||
Line 1,945: | Line 1,924: | ||
| ''paĭ'' | | ''paĭ'' | ||
| ''hat́upu'' | | ''hat́upu'' | ||
− | |||
| ''paso-ńa'' | | ''paso-ńa'' | ||
| ''akip-ilo'' | | ''akip-ilo'' | ||
Line 1,954: | Line 1,932: | ||
| for | | for | ||
| summer | | summer | ||
− | |||
| day-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | | day-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
| shrink-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}} | | shrink-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}} | ||
Line 2,510: | Line 2,487: | ||
| {{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}} | | {{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}} | ||
| room-{{Term|PAU|p=g|t=paucal number}} | | room-{{Term|PAU|p=g|t=paucal number}} | ||
− | | | + | | welcoming |
| room-{{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}} | | room-{{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}} | ||
| sleepy | | sleepy | ||
Line 2,624: | Line 2,601: | ||
| ''eloĭ'' | | ''eloĭ'' | ||
| ''t́io,'' | | ''t́io,'' | ||
− | |||
| ''tikof-ira'' | | ''tikof-ira'' | ||
| ''op-emki'' | | ''op-emki'' | ||
Line 2,635: | Line 2,611: | ||
| this | | this | ||
| tree | | tree | ||
− | |||
| threw.event-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PAU|p=g|t=paucal number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | | threw.event-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PAU|p=g|t=paucal number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
| {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|DU|p=g|t=dual number}}.{{Term|FORM|p=g|t=formal register}} | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|DU|p=g|t=dual number}}.{{Term|FORM|p=g|t=formal register}} | ||
Line 2,646: | Line 2,621: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| ''Oĭl-tarhuĭa'' | | ''Oĭl-tarhuĭa'' | ||
− | |||
| ''tues-e'' | | ''tues-e'' | ||
| ''feuń-oĭa'' | | ''feuń-oĭa'' | ||
Line 2,658: | Line 2,632: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-winter | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-winter | ||
− | |||
| do.habitually-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | | do.habitually-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
| wake-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | | wake-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | ||
Line 2,780: | Line 2,753: | ||
| by | | by | ||
| window | | window | ||
− | | | + | | and |
| watch-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | | watch-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
| snow-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | | snow-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
Line 2,822: | Line 2,795: | ||
| ''esokaĭ'' | | ''esokaĭ'' | ||
| ''sono'' | | ''sono'' | ||
− | |||
| ''op-esa'' | | ''op-esa'' | ||
| ''ufa-maĭ'' | | ''ufa-maĭ'' | ||
Line 2,830: | Line 2,802: | ||
| {{Term|REFL|p=g|t=reflexive pronoun}} | | {{Term|REFL|p=g|t=reflexive pronoun}} | ||
| only | | only | ||
− | |||
| {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|FORM|p=g|t=formal register}} | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|FORM|p=g|t=formal register}} | ||
| good-{{Term|SUPL|p=g|t=superlative}} | | good-{{Term|SUPL|p=g|t=superlative}} | ||
Line 2,864: | Line 2,835: | ||
| home | | home | ||
| {{Term|DAT|p=g|t=dative case (indirect object)}}-this.place | | {{Term|DAT|p=g|t=dative case (indirect object)}}-this.place | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Iuĭt́io-ńa'' | ||
+ | | ''kuĭn-ole'' | ||
+ | | ''taoto'' | ||
+ | | ''aĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''ufa'' | ||
+ | | ''opo-taśńa'' | ||
+ | | ''sol-pikaĭla-ńa'' | ||
+ | | ''umu-pooĭ-ru'' | ||
+ | | ''aĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''umu-tano-ru.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | squirrel-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
+ | | make-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | | warm | ||
+ | | and | ||
+ | | comfortable | ||
+ | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|DAT|p=g|t=dative case (indirect object)}}-nest-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|INS|p=g|t=instrumental case}}-moss-{{Term|PAU|p=g|t=paucal number}} | ||
+ | | and | ||
+ | | {{Term|INS|p=g|t=instrumental case}}-leaf-{{Term|PAU|p=g|t=paucal number}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | The little girl made the doll's dress herself. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Opo-kusa'' | ||
+ | | ''aki'' | ||
+ | | ''tiś-ae'' | ||
+ | | ''tuĭloa'' | ||
+ | | ''opo-karaki'' | ||
+ | | ''puĭa.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-girl | ||
+ | | little | ||
+ | | make-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | alone | ||
+ | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-doll | ||
+ | | dress | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | I hurt myself. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | Tisos-ee | ||
+ | | pokaĭ. | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | hurt-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|REFL|p=g|t=reflexive pronoun}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | She was talking to herself. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Es-ae'' | ||
+ | | ''ion-oĭa'' | ||
+ | | ''sol-pokaĭ.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | do-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | talk-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|DAT|p=g|t=dative case (indirect object)}}-{{Term|REFL|p=g|t=reflexive pronoun}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | He proved himself trustworthy. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Takeketis-ee'' | ||
+ | | ''pokaĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''kam-aĭa'' | ||
+ | | ''t́uĭkasoĭmi.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | prove-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|REFL|p=g|t=reflexive pronoun}} | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | ||
+ | | trustworthy | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | We could see ourselves in the water. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Iiś-ure'' | ||
+ | | ''his-oĭa'' | ||
+ | | ''pokaĭ-ki'' | ||
+ | | ''oĭl-uĭte.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | can-{{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|DU|p=g|t=dual number}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | see-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|REFL|p=g|t=reflexive pronoun}}-{{Term|DU|p=g|t=dual number}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-water | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | Do it yourself. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Pu'' | ||
+ | | ''saśim-ii'' | ||
+ | | ''es-oĭa.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | {{Term|IMP|p=g|t=imperative mood}} | ||
+ | | must.do-{{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|FUT|p=g|t=future tense}} | ||
+ | | do-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | I feel ashamed of myself. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Takeis-e'' | ||
+ | | ''aaĭkopa.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | feel-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | shameful | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | Alternately, one could say ''takeise aaĭkoe'', which is merely "I feel ashamed." | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | Sit here by yourself. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Pu'' | ||
+ | | ''tapateso'' | ||
+ | | ''osan-ii'' | ||
+ | | ''oĭl-emiri.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | {{Term|IMP|p=g|t=imperative mood}} | ||
+ | | separated | ||
+ | | sit-{{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|FUT|p=g|t=future tense}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-here | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Opo-t́amuati'' | ||
+ | | ''aki'' | ||
+ | | ''puĭa'' | ||
+ | | ''kam-imi'' | ||
+ | | ''eat́-oĭa'' | ||
+ | | ''si'' | ||
+ | | ''piura-ńa-pu,'' | ||
+ | | ''kam-olo'' | ||
+ | | ''op-uĭtuka'' | ||
+ | | ''eonestuo'' | ||
+ | | ''suĭtu.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-princess | ||
+ | | little | ||
+ | | dress | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | sew-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | ||
+ | | with | ||
+ | | rose-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}-{{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}} | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-country | ||
+ | | symbolic | ||
+ | | flower | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''T́asaf-ila'' | ||
+ | | ''t́ańaśa-ńa-pu'' | ||
+ | | ''ia,'' | ||
+ | | ''kam-olo'' | ||
+ | | ''piofafo'' | ||
+ | | ''eonestuiśaĭ.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | wear-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | hat-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}-{{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}} | ||
+ | | red | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}} | ||
+ | | liberty | ||
+ | | symbol | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | With him as our protector, we fear no danger. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Aĭk-empi'' | ||
+ | | ''oke'' | ||
+ | | ''t́aamaĭno,'' | ||
+ | | ''foa-tafem-aĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''kasu'' | ||
+ | | ''paĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''t́ami'' | ||
+ | | ''haĭsisaĭ.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | {{Term|COM|p=g|t=comititative case}}-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|FORM|p=g|t=formal register}} | ||
+ | | as | ||
+ | | protector | ||
+ | | do.not-have-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|INCL|p=g|t=inclusive person}} | ||
+ | | fear | ||
+ | | for | ||
+ | | any | ||
+ | | danger | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | Aĭk- ({{Term|COM|p=g|t=comititative case}}) gets used for animate instruments and umu- ({{Term|INS|p=g|t=instrumental case}}) is for inanimate instruments. | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''op-empi'' | ||
+ | | ''uko'' | ||
+ | | ''ufalu'' | ||
+ | | ''etaĭkatu,'' | ||
+ | | ''esasta,'' | ||
+ | | ''sopio,'' | ||
+ | | ''aĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''olfi'' | ||
+ | | ''es-ile'' | ||
+ | | ''puf-aĭa'' | ||
+ | | ''saĭ-tatoimo-pu.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|FORM|p=g|t=formal register}} | ||
+ | | all | ||
+ | | fine | ||
+ | | clothing | ||
+ | | lace | ||
+ | | ribbon | ||
+ | | & | ||
+ | | feather | ||
+ | | do-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}. {{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|LAT|p=g|t=lative case}}-trunk-{{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | Light he thought her, like a feather. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Kusa'' | ||
+ | | ''osei'' | ||
+ | | ''tahi'' | ||
+ | | ''es-ae'' | ||
+ | | ''takaif-aĭa,'' | ||
+ | | ''oke'' | ||
+ | | ''olfi-pu.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | girl | ||
+ | | light | ||
+ | | {{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | | do-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | consider-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | ||
+ | | like | ||
+ | | feather-{{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | When keeping to pronouns would make the sentence unclear, the patient of a sentence is usually transformed into a noun, and the agent is inserted as a pronoun. | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Uko'' | ||
+ | | ''oĭl-enatoĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''aĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''eropertu'' | ||
+ | | ''op-uru'' | ||
+ | | ''ańkaseme-ru'' | ||
+ | | ''tues-ore'' | ||
+ | | ''taĭken-oĭa'' | ||
+ | | ''huru.'' | ||
+ | | ''paĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''emori'' | ||
+ | | ''okio.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | every | ||
+ | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-spring | ||
+ | | & | ||
+ | | fall | ||
+ | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|PAU|p=g|t=paucal number}} | ||
+ | | cousin-{{Term|PAU|p=g|t=paucal number}} | ||
+ | | do.habitually-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PAU|p=g|t=paucal number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | | visit-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|PAU|p=g|t=paucal number}}.{{Term|EX|p=g|t=exclusive person}} | ||
+ | | for | ||
+ | | time | ||
+ | | long | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | In our climate the grass remains green all winter. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''O-taśńa'' | ||
+ | | ''oĭl-kompisaĭ,'' | ||
+ | | ''śasa-ńa'' | ||
+ | | ''tues-ala'' | ||
+ | | ''kam-aĭa'' | ||
+ | | ''aktofo'' | ||
+ | | ''foĭ-tarhuĭa.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-climate | ||
+ | | grass-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
+ | | do.habitually-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}} | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | ||
+ | | green | ||
+ | | {{Term|PER|p=g|t=perlative case}}-winter | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | The boy who brought the book has gone. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Kulo'' | ||
+ | | ''eslaĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''seat-ae'' | ||
+ | | ''fuhao'' | ||
+ | | ''puf-io'' | ||
+ | | ''fi-emiri.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | boy | ||
+ | | this.one | ||
+ | | bring-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | | book | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|ABL|p=g|t=ablative case}}-here | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | These are the flowers that you ordered. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Eslaĭ-ńa'' | ||
+ | | ''kam-olo'' | ||
+ | | ''suĭtu-ńa'' | ||
+ | | ''iki'' | ||
+ | | ''tusin-oneĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''kańa.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | this.one-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}} | ||
+ | | flower-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
+ | | that | ||
+ | | buy-{{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|FORM|p=g|t=formal register}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | I have lost the book that you gave me. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Aĭoĭn-ee'' | ||
+ | | ''puf-e'' | ||
+ | | ''fuhao'' | ||
+ | | ''iki'' | ||
+ | | ''ket-oe'' | ||
+ | | ''husa'' | ||
+ | | ''sol-kafa.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | lose-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|PERF|p=g|t=perfect}}-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | book | ||
+ | | that | ||
+ | | give-{{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|DAT|p=g|t=dative case (indirect object)}}-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Eĭeśuoĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''iki'' | ||
+ | | ''taktafem-io'' | ||
+ | | ''sia'' | ||
+ | | ''pu'' | ||
+ | | ''takpuĭp-io'' | ||
+ | | ''solioĭpaśaĭ.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | fisherman | ||
+ | | that | ||
+ | | own-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | boat | ||
+ | | now | ||
+ | | demand-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | | payment | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | Come when you are called. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Toon-i'' | ||
+ | | ''oĭl-emori'' | ||
+ | | ''es-i'' | ||
+ | | ''katos-oĭa.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | come-{{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-when | ||
+ | | do-{{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | call-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | I shall stay at home if it rains. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Seefin-eke'' | ||
+ | | ''oĭl-piaĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''iu'' | ||
+ | | ''uĭlo'' | ||
+ | | ''toon-ole.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | stay-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|FUT|p=g|t=future tense}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-home | ||
+ | | if | ||
+ | | rain | ||
+ | | come-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | When he saw me, he stopped. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Oĭl-emori'' | ||
+ | | ''teom-io'' | ||
+ | | ''husa,'' | ||
+ | | ''akiś-ae.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-when | ||
+ | | see-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | stop-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | NOTE: This can also be interpreted as “Where he saw me, he stopped.” Context is key. | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Pu'' | ||
+ | | ''fo-iah-ara'' | ||
+ | | ''saĭ-husa'' | ||
+ | | ''inau'' | ||
+ | | ''iam-e'' | ||
+ | | ''op-usa'' | ||
+ | | ''paĭe'' | ||
+ | | ''puf-i'' | ||
+ | | ''sokań-oĭa.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | {{Term|IMP|p=g|t=imperative mood}} | ||
+ | | not-laugh-{{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|PAU|p=g|t=paucal number}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | because | ||
+ | | seem-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | mind | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | | swim-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | “Mind is swimming” means absent-minded | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | I shall lend you the books that you need. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Foseń-eke'' | ||
+ | | ''saĭ-pepa'' | ||
+ | | ''sol-fuhao-ru'' | ||
+ | | ''iki'' | ||
+ | | ''suif-a'' | ||
+ | | ''kafa-ru.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | lend-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|FUT|p=g|t=future tense}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|LAT|p=g|t=lative case}}-{{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|DAT|p=g|t=dative case (indirect object)}}-book-{{Term|PAU|p=g|t=paucal number}} | ||
+ | | that | ||
+ | | need-{{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}}-{{Term|PAU|p=g|t=paucal number}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | Come early next Monday if you can. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Pu'' | ||
+ | | ''toon-ii'' | ||
+ | | ''soko'' | ||
+ | | ''saki'' | ||
+ | | ''oĭl-Kat́apaso'' | ||
+ | | ''iu'' | ||
+ | | ''iiś-ii.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | {{Term|IMP|p=g|t=imperative mood}} | ||
+ | | come-{{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|FUT|p=g|t=future tense}} | ||
+ | | early | ||
+ | | next | ||
+ | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-Monday | ||
+ | | if | ||
+ | | can-{{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|FUT|p=g|t=future tense}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | If you come early, wait in the hall. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Iu'' | ||
+ | | ''soko'' | ||
+ | | ''toon-ii,'' | ||
+ | | ''pu'' | ||
+ | | ''akiś-ii'' | ||
+ | | ''aakoe'' | ||
+ | | ''takoĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''aluĭ.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | if | ||
+ | | early | ||
+ | | come-{{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|FUT|p=g|t=future tense}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|IMP|p=g|t=imperative mood}} | ||
+ | | wait-{{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|FUT|p=g|t=future tense}} | ||
+ | | in | ||
+ | | room | ||
+ | | big | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Huiam-ee'' | ||
+ | | ''akas-ati'' | ||
+ | | ''iki'' | ||
+ | | ''asuoĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''kam-imi'' | ||
+ | | ''Antonio.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | have-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | brother-{{Term|DIM|p=g|t=diminutive}} | ||
+ | | that | ||
+ | | name | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | Antonio | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | Gnomes are little men who live under the ground. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Tisoĭ-ńa'' | ||
+ | | ''kam-ilo'' | ||
+ | | ''asulu-ńa'' | ||
+ | | ''aki'' | ||
+ | | ''iki'' | ||
+ | | ''haan-ole'' | ||
+ | | ''keĭt́ala.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | dwarf-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | | demihuman-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
+ | | little | ||
+ | | that | ||
+ | | live-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | | underground | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | Ancient Kartara has no word for gnomes, but they have one for dwarves. | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Empi'' | ||
+ | | ''es-o'' | ||
+ | | ''takaeń-oĭa'' | ||
+ | | ''uko'' | ||
+ | | ''umu-kart́a,'' | ||
+ | | ''inau'' | ||
+ | | ''kam-i'' | ||
+ | | ''umili.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | {{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|FORM|p=g|t=formal register}} | ||
+ | | do-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | | love-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | ||
+ | | all | ||
+ | | {{Term|INS|p=g|t=instrumental case}}-person | ||
+ | | because | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | | gentle | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | Hold the horse while I run and get my cap. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Asuat-i'' | ||
+ | | ''enfai'' | ||
+ | | ''sokuĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''kot́o'' | ||
+ | | ''paĭm-eke'' | ||
+ | | ''op-usa'' | ||
+ | | ''t́ańaśa.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | hold-{{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | horse | ||
+ | | while | ||
+ | | quick | ||
+ | | get-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|FUT|p=g|t=future tense}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | hat | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | I have found the ring I lost. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Taĭef-ee'' | ||
+ | | ''puf-e'' | ||
+ | | ''kat́afo'' | ||
+ | | ''iki'' | ||
+ | | ''aĭoĭn-ee'' | ||
+ | | ''kafa.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | find-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|PERF|p=g|t=perfect}}-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | ring | ||
+ | | that | ||
+ | | lose-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | Play and I will sing. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Pu'' | ||
+ | | ''touĭn-i'' | ||
+ | | ''tue'' | ||
+ | | ''totof-eke.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | {{Term|IMP|p=g|t=imperative mood}} | ||
+ | | play-{{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | and | ||
+ | | sing-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|FUT|p=g|t=future tense}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | That is the funniest story I ever heard. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Eĭloĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''kam-i'' | ||
+ | | ''aleku-maĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''koĭasu'' | ||
+ | | ''iki'' | ||
+ | | ''ioĭs-es-ee'' | ||
+ | | ''puf-e'' | ||
+ | | ''tahi.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | that | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | | funny-{{Term|SUPL|p=g|t=superlative}} | ||
+ | | story | ||
+ | | that | ||
+ | | listen-{{Term|TR|p=g|t=transitive verb}}-{{Term|2|p=g|t=2nd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|PERF|p=g|t=perfect}}-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | She is taller than her brother. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Kam-i'' | ||
+ | | ''isea-moĭ-lo'' | ||
+ | | ''eĭa'' | ||
+ | | ''o-tahi'' | ||
+ | | ''akasa.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | tall-{{Term|COMP|p=g|t=comparative}}-{{Term|AUG|p=g|t=augmentative}} | ||
+ | | than | ||
+ | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | brother | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | They are no wiser than we. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Taśńa'' | ||
+ | | ''foa-kam-ilo'' | ||
+ | | ''atipa-moĭ-lo'' | ||
+ | | ''eĭa'' | ||
+ | | ''aĭkuńa.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | {{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
+ | | not-be-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
+ | | wise-{{Term|COMP|p=g|t=comparative}}-{{Term|AUG|p=g|t=augmentative}} | ||
+ | | than | ||
+ | | {{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|INCL|p=g|t=inclusive person}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | Light travels faster than sound. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Pasoĭa-ńa'' | ||
+ | | ''kot́o-moĭ-lo'' | ||
+ | | ''eĭa'' | ||
+ | | ''suafao-ńa'' | ||
+ | | ''fin-ole'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | light-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
+ | | fast-{{Term|COMP|p=g|t=comparative}}-{{Term|AUG|p=g|t=augmentative}} | ||
+ | | than | ||
+ | | sound-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
+ | | travel-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | We have more time than they. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Op-aĭkuńa'' | ||
+ | | ''pasatisaĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''puf-i'' | ||
+ | | ''aluĭ-moĭ-lo'' | ||
+ | | ''eĭa'' | ||
+ | | ''o-taśńa'' | ||
+ | | ''eĭloĭ.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|INCL|p=g|t=inclusive person}} | ||
+ | | time | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | | large-{{Term|COMP|p=g|t=comparative}}-{{Term|AUG|p=g|t=augmentative}} | ||
+ | | than | ||
+ | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | | that.one | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | She has more friends than enemies. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Tafem-i'' | ||
+ | | ''taĭefu'' | ||
+ | | ''al''e''ĭsu-ńa'' | ||
+ | | ''eĭa'' | ||
+ | | ''śuĭseu-ńa.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | has-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | more | ||
+ | | friend-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
+ | | than | ||
+ | | enemy-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Kam-io'' | ||
+ | | ''fooposo-lo,'' | ||
+ | | ''o-tahi'' | ||
+ | | ''aĭk-inti'' | ||
+ | | ''a'' | ||
+ | | ''ka'' | ||
+ | | ''aĭk-eme-ru'' | ||
+ | | ''puf-ila'' | ||
+ | | ''aki'' | ||
+ | | ''aĭlo'' | ||
+ | | ''oĭl-upire'' | ||
+ | | ''isom-imi'' | ||
+ | | ''atofisaĭ-ńa'' | ||
+ | | ''a'' | ||
+ | | ''t́aa-ńa.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | poor-{{Term|AUG|p=g|t=augmentative}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|COM|p=g|t=comititative case}}-wife | ||
+ | | and | ||
+ | | five | ||
+ | | {{Term|COM|p=g|t=comititative case}}-child-{{Term|PAU|p=g|t=paucal number}} | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | little | ||
+ | | short | ||
+ | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-cabin | ||
+ | | made.of-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | log-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
+ | | and | ||
+ | | stone-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Oĭl-emori'' | ||
+ | | ''okuĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''ataf-io,'' | ||
+ | | ''finoĭno'' | ||
+ | | ''taket́asaf-io'' | ||
+ | | ''o-tahi'' | ||
+ | | ''hipia'' | ||
+ | | ''taĭefu'' | ||
+ | | ''tasa'' | ||
+ | | ''kat́oĭa.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-when | ||
+ | | wind | ||
+ | | blow-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | traveler | ||
+ | | wrap-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | mantle | ||
+ | | more | ||
+ | | close | ||
+ | | around | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | I am sure that we can go. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Puf-e'' | ||
+ | | ''t́aoń-oĭa'' | ||
+ | | ''iki'' | ||
+ | | ''iiś-u'' | ||
+ | | ''saĭ-emori.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | assure-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | ||
+ | | that | ||
+ | | can-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|DU|p=g|t=dual number}}.{{Term|INCL|p=g|t=inclusive person}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|LAT|p=g|t=lative case}}-there | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | We went back to the place where we saw the roses. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Kat́in-ue'' | ||
+ | | ''saĭ-śi'' | ||
+ | | ''iki'' | ||
+ | | ''his-ue'' | ||
+ | | ''piura-ńa.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | return-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|DU|p=g|t=dual number}}.{{Term|EX|p=g|t=exclusive person}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|LAT|p=g|t=lative case}}-place | ||
+ | | that | ||
+ | | see-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|DU|p=g|t=dual number}}.{{Term|EX|p=g|t=exclusive person}} | ||
+ | | rose-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | “''Eloĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''t́io'' | ||
+ | | ''kam-omo'' | ||
+ | | ''kantaĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''ipoka'' | ||
+ | | ''foĭ-iseisaĭ,”'' | ||
+ | | ''esion-ae'' | ||
+ | | ''aanamomo.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | this | ||
+ | | tree | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}} | ||
+ | | fifty | ||
+ | | foot | ||
+ | | {{Term|PER|p=g|t=perlative case}}-height | ||
+ | | spoken.by-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | gardener | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Puaf-e'' | ||
+ | | ''iki'' | ||
+ | | ''eloĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''sia'' | ||
+ | | ''puf-eĭfo'' | ||
+ | | ''fi-śi'' | ||
+ | | ''ka'' | ||
+ | | ''fot́iliao'' | ||
+ | | ''soko'' | ||
+ | | ''oĭl-apape.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | think-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | that | ||
+ | | this | ||
+ | | ship | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}}.{{Term|FUT|p=g|t=future tense}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|ABL|p=g|t=ablative case}}-place | ||
+ | | five | ||
+ | | minute | ||
+ | | early | ||
+ | | {{Term|LOC|p=g|t=locative case}}-today | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Op-usa'' | ||
+ | | ''puaśaĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''kam-i'' | ||
+ | | ''iki'' | ||
+ | | ''t́amuaĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''takeket-epe'' | ||
+ | | ''tahi'' | ||
+ | | ''sol-faimafo-pu.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | {{Term|GEN|p=g|t=genitive case (possessive)}}-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}} | ||
+ | | opinion | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | | that | ||
+ | | king | ||
+ | | grant-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|FUT|p=g|t=future tense}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|DAT|p=g|t=dative case (indirect object)}}-pardon-{{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | Why he has left the city is a mystery. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Aĭani'' | ||
+ | | ''paĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''empi'' | ||
+ | | ''fi -toĭketo'' | ||
+ | | ''kam-imi'' | ||
+ | | ''ośisaĭ-pu.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | why | ||
+ | | for | ||
+ | | {{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|FORM|p=g|t=formal register}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|ABL|p=g|t=ablative case}}-city | ||
+ | | be-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}} | ||
+ | | mystery-{{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | The house stands where three roads meet. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Upire'' | ||
+ | | ''ium-imi'' | ||
+ | | ''emori'' | ||
+ | | ''iki'' | ||
+ | | ''pa'' | ||
+ | | ''oset́ala-ru'' | ||
+ | | ''otakis-ore'' | ||
+ | | ''pokaĭ-ru.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | house | ||
+ | | stand-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}} | ||
+ | | where | ||
+ | | that | ||
+ | | three | ||
+ | | road-{{Term|PAU|p=g|t=paucal number}} | ||
+ | | meet-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PAU|p=g|t=paucal number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | | {{Term|REFL|p=g|t=reflexive pronoun}}-{{Term|PAU|p=g|t=paucal number}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | He has far more money than brains. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Tafem-i'' | ||
+ | | ''taĭefu-lo'' | ||
+ | | ''soi'' | ||
+ | | ''eĭa'' | ||
+ | | ''iatisaĭ.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | has-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}} | ||
+ | | more-{{Term|AUG|p=g|t=augmentative}} | ||
+ | | money | ||
+ | | than | ||
+ | | intelligence | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Aĺisaĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''iam-omo'' | ||
+ | | ''eĭna'' | ||
+ | | ''t́ukoĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''iaĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''es-aa'' | ||
+ | | ''foa-kukof-aĭa,'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | truth | ||
+ | | seem-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}} | ||
+ | | that | ||
+ | | gate | ||
+ | | continuously | ||
+ | | do-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}} | ||
+ | | not-open-{{Term|PTCP|p=g|t=participle}} | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''inau'' | ||
+ | | ''śasa-ńa'' | ||
+ | | ''okio'' | ||
+ | | ''aĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''paskapako-ńa'' | ||
+ | | ''aluĭ'' | ||
+ | | ''oas-ala'' | ||
+ | | ''tasa'' | ||
+ | | ''oplo'' | ||
+ | | ''kafa.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | because | ||
+ | | grass-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
+ | | long | ||
+ | | and | ||
+ | | hemlock-{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}} | ||
+ | | large | ||
+ | | grow-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|PL|p=g|t=plural number}}.{{Term|INAN|p=g|t=inanimate gender}} | ||
+ | | close | ||
+ | | by | ||
+ | | it | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said. | ||
+ | {| class="wikitable" | ||
+ | | ''Otakis-ee'' | ||
+ | | ''kusa-pu'' | ||
+ | | ''aki'' | ||
+ | | ''upire;'' | ||
+ | | ''asuat-ae'' | ||
+ | | ''po'' | ||
+ | | ''patupo,'' | ||
+ | | ''esion-ae.'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | met-{{Term|1|p=g|t=1st person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | girl-{{Term|INDF|p=g|t=indefinite}} | ||
+ | | little | ||
+ | | cottage | ||
+ | | hold-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
+ | | eight | ||
+ | | year | ||
+ | | said-{{Term|3|p=g|t=3rd person}}{{Term|s|p=g|t=singular number}}.{{Term|AN|p=g|t=animate gender}}.{{Term|PST|p=g|t=past tense}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
</div> | </div> |
Latest revision as of 03:34, 2 June 2018
This page is still a work in progress.
Contents
Large-Text Examples
From Canoe Mates in Canada: Three Boys Afloat on the Saskatchewan by St. George Rathborne
[...]
be-3s.AN.PST oakaĭa
kneel-PTCP oĭlsiasikietopu,
LOC-canoe-INDFisomimi
made-3s.INAN.PST opokalapu
GEN-land.animal-INDF sikieto,
hide tue
andpufio
be-3s.AN.PST tasanoĭa
wield-PTCP asiapu
paddle-INDF si
with uĭaĭśaĭ
dexterityiki
that tahipu
3s.AN-INDF sono
only pamio
make-3s.AN.PST pufio
PERF-3s.AN.PSTkafa
3s.INAN fipatuporu
LAT-year-PAU tuesafokopa
practice-ADJZ ati
ofsiatisafo,
canoeing koĭmeĭ
strong tikofeso
builtkulopu
boy-INDF pikakoe
bronze-like kafiCanada
from-Canada tia
oftentuesoe
do.repeatedly-3s.AN.PST teomaĭa
look-PTCP siĺakoe
backward foĭfiniśi
PER-courseiki
that esoe
do-3s.AN.PST iosisoĭa;
pass-PTCP kake
and.then piraĭ
upwards paĭ
atoloańa
cloud-PL tiketo
storm uĭmu
black iki
that selekela
run-3PL.AN.PSTośaĭ
mysterious fiitolo.
ABL-north
consider-3s.INAN iki
that pufio
be-3s.PST oĭloĭokeĭa
LOC-wilderness takeĭ
excessively aluĭ,
big eloĭ
this etopakoe
adventurous kulo
boy iamio
seem-3s.AN.PST tafemaĭa
have-PTCP takeĭ
excessively ami
few tosiku
luggage otahi
GEN-3s.AN tisosesolo
damaged-AUG oĭlsiasikieto —
LOC-canoe ikilo,
indeed ieĭ
except satokapu
jacket-INDF sikieto
hide pipina,
deer eslaĭ
this esese
do-3s.INAN.PST seet́asafaĭa
undress-PTCP umutahi
INS-3s.AN inau
because otahi
GEN-3s.AN sonimuti,
exertion sefaśu
nothing iamili
seem-3PL.INAN.PST oĭlsiati,
LOC-small.boat ikilo
even see
zero atańokepu,
crossbow-INDF umusefaśu
INS-nothing iki
that iiśae
be.able.to-3s.AN.PST eĭeśoĭa
fish-PTCP o
or ulanoĭa
hunt-PTCP piruĭ
downstream oĭlfiśaĭ.
LOC-journey
this sonolo
only-AUG aĺisaĭ
fact afoĭnaa
would.do-3s.INAN iamaĭa
seem-PTCP teĭkunoĭa
indicate-PTCP iki
that etokio
may-3s.AN.PST pufio
PERF-3s.AN.PST pufio
be-3s.AN.PST oĭltatsa
LOC-trouble ati
of ośaĭ
unknown paĭoĭpu
type-INDF fiti
before emiri.
now
be-3s.INAN aĺu,
true tiali
sometimes-DIM teośatińa
glance-PL teomio
look-3s.AN.PST fiti
behind pokaĭ
REFL koĭmeĭpopo
strengthen-3s.INAN.PST eloĭ
this etokafo;
possibility uoĭ
though otahi
GEN-3s.AN śari
face iamio
seem-3s.AN.PST tafemaĭa
have-PTCP huĭumoĭlo
embarassing-COMP-AUG aĭ
and t́aśkamoĭlo
angry-COMP-AUG eĭa
than kasukopa.
afraid
Single-Sentence Examples
The apple is red.
Hisi | kam-omo | ia. |
apple | be-3s.INAN | red |
It is John's apple.
Puf-ofo | op-Iono | hisi. |
be-3s.INAN | GEN-John | apple |
I give John the apple.
Ket-e | hisi | sol-Iono. |
give-1s | apple | DAT-John |
We want to give him the apple.
Kepis-u | ket-oĭa | hisi | sol-tahi. |
want-1DU.EX | give-PTCP | apple | DAT-3s.AN |
He gives it to John.
Ket-o | kafa | sol-Iono. |
give-3s.AN | 3s.INAN | DAT-John |
She gives it to him.
Ket-o | kafa | sol-tahi. |
give-3s.AN | 3s.INAN | DAT-3s.AN |
The sun shines.
Ulu | pas-o. |
sun | shine-3s.AN |
The sun is shining.
Olu | puf-i | pas-oĭa. |
sun | be-3s.AN | shine-PTCP |
The sun shone.
Olu | pas-eo. |
sun | shine-3s.AN.PST |
The sun will shine.
Olu | pas-epe. |
sun | shine-3s.AN.FUT |
The sun has been shining.
Olu | pas-ae | puf-i | es-oĭa. |
sun | shine-3s.AN.PST | PERF-3s.AN | PROG-PTCP |
When a past-tense verb is followed by the present-tense puf, it indicates the present perfect. Es in participle form after the verb(s) indicates the action is continuing (progressive). |
The sun is shining again.
Olu | puf-i | tuka | pas-oĭa. |
sun | be-3s.AN | again | shine-PTCP |
The sun will shine tomorrow.
Olu | pas-epe | astoku. |
sun | shine.3s.AN.FUT | tomorrow |
The sun shines brightly.
Olu | pas-o | pasetu. |
sun | shine-3s.AN | bright |
Most adjectives also function as adverbs. |
The bright sun shines.
Olu | pasetu | pas-o. |
sun | bright | shine-3s.AN |
Ancient Kartara has a tricky adjective system, where most temporary or emotional properties precede the noun (this, 2nd, ugly) while more concrete physical properties follow it (red, old, Reemish). |
The sun is rising now.
Olu | puf-i | pu | soup-aĭa. |
sun | be-3s.AN | now | rise-PTCP |
All the people shouted.
Uko | kart́a | ilon-ile. |
all | person | shout-3PL.AN.PST |
kart́ańa (person-PL) can be used, too. |
Some of the people shouted.
Uso | kart́a | ilon-ire. |
Some | person | shout-3PAU.AN.PST |
kart́a-ru (person-PAU) can be used, too. |
Many of the people shouted twice.
Ańe | kart́a-ru | ilon-ire | ki | teto. |
many | person-PAU | shout-3PAU.AN.PST | two | instance |
Happy people often shout.
Toa | kart́a-ńa-pu | tia | tues-ole. | ilon-oĭa |
Happy | person-PL-INDF | sometimes | do.habitually-3PL.AN | shout-PTCP |
Tia tues- (lit. "always do something, sometimes") translates to "often does" and is followed by the participle form of another verb. |
The kitten jumped up.
Umati | seles-ae | piraĭ. |
kitten | jump-3s.AN.PST | upwards |
The kitten jumped onto the table.
Umati | seles-ae | aĺpa | saĭ-ikireta. |
kitten | jump-3s.AN.PST | onto | LAT-table |
My little kitten walked away.
Op-usa | umati | aki | ses-ae | fi-emiri. |
GEN-1s | kitten | little | walk-3s.AN.PST | ABL-here |
It's raining.
Uĭlo | toon-ole. |
rain | come-3PL.AN |
The rain came down.
Uĭlo | toon-ile | piruĭ. |
rain | come-3PL.AN.PST | down |
The kitten is playing in the rain.
umati | puf-i | fut-oĭa | oĭl-uĭlo. |
kitten | be-3s.AN | play-PTCP | LOC-rain |
The rain has stopped.
Uĭlo | asam-io | puf-i. |
rain | stop-3s.AN.PST | be-3s.AN |
Soon the rain will stop.
Uĭlo | asam-iu | oĺa. |
rain | stop-3s.AN.FUT | soon |
Oĺa | iki | uĭlo | asam-iu. |
soon | CONJ.ADV | rain | stop-3s.AN.FUT |
Iki can be used to front an adverbial clause, as in the second example. |
I hope the rain stops soon.
Husa | siuf-e | iki | uĭlo | asam-iu | oĺa. |
1s | hope-1s | that | rain | stop.3s.AN.FUT | soon |
Husa is optional. |
Iki introduces a subordinate clause. |
Once wild animals lived here.
Kala-ńa-pu | oĭoki | puf-ila | oĭl-emiri. |
animal-PL-INDF | wild | be-3PL.AN.PST | LOC-here |
The indefinite suffix is mandatory when no amount is indicated. |
Slowly she looked around.
Uĺkopa | teom-io | peĭaĺśe | oĭl-empi. |
completely | look.3s.PST | slow | LOC-3s.AN |
Teom is a transitive verb, requiring a second argument. |
Go away!
Pu | puf-a | fi-emiri. |
now.IMP | be-2s | ABL-here |
If pu precedes a bare verb, it denotes the imperative (command) mood. |
Eloĭ may be omitted if the place in question is obvious to the listener. |
Let's go!
Pu | aĭkuańa | fi-emiri. |
now.IMP | 1PL.INCL | ABL-here |
Puf is optional when an affix encodes movement. |
You should go.
Oap-a | fi-emiri. |
should.do-2s | ABL-here |
Demonstrating how eloĭ is optional. |
I will be happy to go.
Es-puf-eke | fi-emiri. |
BEN.FORM-be-1s.FUT | ABL-here |
He will arrive soon.
Puf-iu | saĭ-emiri | oĺa. |
be-3s.FUT | LAT-here | soon |
The baby's ball has rolled away.
Opo-seaĭ | sou | somus-ese | fi-emiri. |
GEN-baby | ball | roll-3s.INAN.PST | ABL-here |
The two boys are working together.
Aĭk-ulo-ki | puf-iro | sonim-aĭa. |
COM-boy-DU | be.3DU.AN | work-PTCP |
This mist will probably clear away.
Eloĭ | kusuo | asam-iu | pokiko. |
DET.this | mist | end-3s.AN.FUT | probable |
Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
Suĭtu-ńa-pu | antali-lo | oas-ala | foĭ-śi. |
flower-PL-INDF | beautiful-AUG | grow-3PL.INAN | PER-place |
We should eat more slowly.
Oap-eĭ | oes-oĭa | peĭaĺśe-moĭ-o. |
should-1PAU.INCL | eat-PTCP | slow-COMP-AUG |
You have come too soon.
Toon-oe | puf-a | takeĭ | oĺa. |
come-2s.PST | PERF.2s | too | soon |
You must write more neatly.
Saśim-a | tuksun-oĭa | tatu-moĭ-lo. |
must.do-2s | write.PTCP | careful-COMP-AUG |
Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
Iam-omo | siĺao | fi-enopo | iki | tamese | śit́ami-pu | ium-omo. |
seem-3s.INAN | stern | ABL-bow | CONJ.ADV | wonderful | palace-INDF | stand.3s.INAN |
Iamomo siĺao fienopo is a metaphor roughly meaning "as the stern is from the bow". |
Henry's dog is lost.
Opo-Henri | pei | puf-i | topou. |
GEN-Henry | dog | be-3s.AN | lost |
Opo-Henri | pei | oĭl-topouśi. |
GEN-Henry | dog | LOC-unknown.location.on.land |
Puf is optional when an affix encodes location. |
My cat is black.
Op-usa | umu | puf-i | uĭmu. |
GEN-1s | cat | be-3s.AN | black |
The little girl's doll is broken.
Opo-kusa | aki | karaki | puf-ofo | ekafeso. |
GEN-girl | little | doll | be-3s.INAN | broken |
I usually sleep soundly.
Husa | tia-lo | tues-e | ufa | saas-oĭa. |
1s | sometimes-AUG | do.habitually-1s | well | sleep-PTCP |
Husa is optional, but would most likely be said here for clarity. Augmenting tia turns tia tues- from "often" to "usually". |
The children ran after Jack.
Eme-ru | iuśu | selek-era | saĭ-Iaka. |
child-PAU | followingly | run-3PAU.AN.PST | LAT-Jack |
I can play after school.
Pen-eke | fut-oĭa | saĭ-santus-oĭa. |
can-1s.FUT | play.PTCP | LAT-teach-PTCP |
We went to the village for a visit.
Puf-ue | saĭ-toĭka | paĭ | taĭkeśaĭ-pu. |
be-1DU.EX.PST | LAT-village | for | visit-INDF |
We arrived at the river.
Toon-ue | oĭl-ose. |
arrive-1DU.EX.PST | LOC-river |
Using puf would translate as "we went to the river" and require the lative case. |
I have been waiting for you.
Puf-ee | puf-e | akiś-oĭa | paĭ | pepa. |
be-1s.PST | PERF.1s | wait-PTCP | for | 2s |
Es-puf-ee | puf-e | akiś-oĭa. |
BEN.FORM-be-1s.PST | PERF-1s | wait-PTCP |
The first form would be used by a superior to an underling. The latter from an underling to a superior. In other cases, either could be used. |
The campers sat around the fire.
Fin-oĭno-ru | osan-ire | kat́oĭa | halo. |
travel-NMLZ-PAU | sit-2PAU.AN.PST | around | fire |
A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
Kusa-pu | aki | aĭk-umati-pu | osan-ae | tasa | husa. |
girl-INDF | little | COM-kitten-INDF | sit-3s.AN.PST | near | 1s |
The child waited at the door for her father.
Eme | akiś-ae | oĭl-t́otoĭ | paĭ | o-tahi | ańa. |
child | wait.3s.AN.PST | LOC-door | for | GEN-3s | father |
Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
Oĭl-apopo | kusa | tio-maĭ | oĭl-toĭka | aĭoĭn-ae | o-tahi | umati. |
LOC-yesterday | girl | old-SUPL | LOC-village | lose-3s.AN.PST | GEN-3s | kitten |
Were you born in this village?
Taa | topatos-oe | seat-eso | eloĭ | oĭl-toĭka? |
yes/no | become-3s.PST | birth-ADJZ | DET.this | LOC-village |
The interrogative pronoun can be omitted, with intonation alone indicating that it's a question. The pronoun always matches the information being requested. |
Can your brother dance well?
Pali | o-pepa | akasa | haĭf-i | ufa? |
how | GEN-2s | brother | dance-3s | well |
Did the man leave?
Tali | aluko | fi-emiri? |
where | man | ABL-here |
Is your sister coming for you?
Pali | o-pepa | akasa | saĭ-emiri | paĭ | pepa? |
how | GEN-2s | sister | LAT-here | for | you |
The pronoun used can reveal why the question is being asked. Here, they are asking how you are leaving, as opposed to who you are leaving with (why not me?), when you are leaving (is it going to be a while?) or even why it's happening (is your sister making you leave?) The most polite pronoun is taa, asking for a simple yes/no answer. |
Can you come tomorrow?
Pepa | taa | saĭ-emori | astoku? |
2s | yes/no | LAT-there | tomorrow |
The interrogative pronoun precedes a regular noun, but follows a personal pronoun. |
Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
Taa | foatia-ki | fi-emiri | paĭ | tarhuĭa? |
yes/no | neighbor-DU | ABL-here | for | winter |
Does the robin sing in the rain?
Taa | posko-pu | si | palaku | ia | totof-ilo | oĭl-uĭlo? |
yes/no | bird-INDF | with | chest | red | sing-3PL.AN | LOC-rain |
When talking about a generic noun, the noun receives -pu without any number marker, but the verb takes the 3rd person plural with the proper animacy. (The language lacks a word for 'robin', hence 'bird with red chest'.) This becomes optional when the genericness is implied via quantity adjectives like 'all' or 'many'. |
Are you going with us to the concert?
Pepa | taa | saĭ-teto | sora | si | huru? |
2s | yes/no | ABL-event | music | with | 1PAU.EX |
Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
Taa | fin-oe | oĭl-t́au | tinta? |
yes/no | travel-2s.PST | LOC-forest | hot |
As usual, the personal pronoun is optional. |
We sailed down the river for several miles.
Suik-utoĭ | piruĭ | ose | paĭ | foĭ-too-ru. |
sail-1PL.EX.PST | downstream | river | for | PER-mile-PAU |
Paĭ, when paired with the perlative case, indicates a range of time or distance. |
Everybody knows about hunting.
Uko | kart́a | aof-ilo | paĭ | ulanafo. |
All | person | know-3PL.AN | about | hunting |
On a sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
Oĭl-toso-pu | olukopa | saĭ-aakulo | utis-ati | fin-oĭa | saĭ-ome-ńa. |
LOC-morning-INDF | sunny | LAT-summer.solstice | start-1PAU.EX.PST | move-PTCP | LAT-mountain-PL |
Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
Tom | iah-io | paĭ | opo-kala | satuĭke-ru. |
Tom | laugh-3s.AN.PST | at | GEN-land.animal | game-PAU |
An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
Aluko-pu | tio | aĭk-sestaka-pu | ium-io | oplo | t́at́io |
man-INDF | old | COM-walking.stick-INDF | stand-3s.AN.PST | beside | fence |
Si sestaka is also acceptable, as "man" and "walking stick" don't share the same animacy. However, the comitative prefix is used due to the man being inseparable from the walking stick. |
The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
Op-iuĭt́io | pikaĭla | es-ese | aĺas-oĭa | um-atofa | śuimu. |
GEN-squirrel | nest | do-3s.INAN.PST | hide-PTCP | INS-branch | drooping |
Es is used for passive-voice constructions such as the above, similar to how English uses "to be". Es takes the active conjugation while the passive verb takes the participle form. |
The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
Sea-ńa | aki | akiś-ili | toĺo | keĭa | pakasa | paĭ | ulu | enatoĭ-kopa | taoto. |
seed-PL | little | wait-3PL.INAN.PST | patiently | under | snow | for | sun | spring-ADJZ | warm |
Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
Ańe | kusa-ńa | aki | si | kat́usuĭtu | oĭl-śaa | haĭf-ila | kat́oĭa | foĭ-haleto. |
many | girl-PL | little | with | wreath.of.flowers | LOC-head | dance-3PL.AN | around | PER-bonfire |
The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
Op-atkao | onipsa | uis-ese | saĭ-tekeĭa. |
GEN-basket | cover | fall.3s.INAN.PST | LAT-floor |
The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
Huka | kulo | oĭl-tupaĭa | akiś-ae | oĭl-kukusiśi. |
first | boy | LOC-line | stop-3s.AN.PST | LOC-entrance |
On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
Oĭl-upire-pu | aki | aĺpa | t́o | atipa | asuka-pu | tio | es-ae | puf-aĭa. |
LOC-house-INDF | little | on.top.of | hill | wise | woman-INDF | old | do-3s.AN.PST | be-PTCP |
During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
Oĭl-puf-ue | oĭl-tusuo-ńa | tia | tues-ue | ses-oĭa | oĭl-aulnuu-ńa. |
LOC-be.1DU.EX.PST | LOC-farm-PL | sometimes | do.habitually-1DU.EX.PST | walk-PTCP | LOC-pasture-PL |
When will your guests from the city arrive?
Uli | op-esa | torteno-ru | kafi-toĭketo | saĭ-emiri? |
when | GEN-2s.FORM | guest-PAU | ADJZ.coming.from-city | LAT-here |
Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
Op-ose | oĭl-pai | tasa | o-tahi | finiśi | atań-o | poto | saĭ-kuĭu. |
GEN-river | LOC-mouth | near | GEN-3s.AN | course | turn-3s.AN | sharp | LAT-east |
Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
T́afoa | ome-ki | isea | hapitutaĭ | kirampati-pu | kam-imi. |
between | mountain-DU | lofty | fertile | valley-INDF | be.3s.INAN.PST |
Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
Oĭl-puĭtia | seĭo-ńa-pu | ia | isea | oas-ili. |
LOC-wheat | poppy-PL-INDF | red | tall | grow-3PL.INAN.PST |
The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
Opo-t́ukea-ńa | koĭmeĭ | taĭuse-ńa | es-ili | sukeĭn -oĭa | fi-t́ala. |
GEN-oak.tree-PL | strong | root-PL | do-3PL.INAN.PST | tear-PTCP | ABL-ground |
The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
Ulu | teom-io | piruĭ | foĭ-atofa-ru | fut-oĭa | eme-ru. |
Sun | look-3s.AN.PST | down | PER-branch-PAU | play-ADJZ | child-PAU |
The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
Kafi-koa | okuĭ | ataf-io | op-usa | foĭ-śari | oke | aleĭsokoe | teĭośaĭ-pu. |
ADJZ.from-west | wind | blow-3s.AN.PST | GEN-1s | PER-face | like | friendly | caress-INDF |
The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
Opuo | ati | suo | somus-ese | foĭ-tekeĭa. |
spool | of | thread | roll-3s.INAN.PST | PER-floor |
A box of growing plants stood in the window.
Tatoimo-pu | ati | oas-oĭa | oĭomo-ru | osan-ae | oĭl-ako. |
box-INDF | of | grow-ADJZ | plant-PAU | sit-3s.INAN.PST | LOC-window |
Large objects like houses stand. Smaller objects only sit. |
I am very happy.
Puf-e | toa-lo. |
be-1s | happy-AUG |
These oranges are juicy.
Eloĭ-ru | tao-ru | śaĭsu | kam-oro | uĭtamukopa. |
DET.this-PAU | fruit-PAU | brown/orange | be-3PAU.INAN | juicy |
Sea water is salty.
Uĭtese-pu | tafem-omo | se. |
saltwater-INDF | have-3PAU.INAN | salt |
The word for saltwater is also used for the ocean. The difference is that the ocean takes the animate gender! |
The streets are full of people.
Oset́ala-ńa | puf-ilo | kart́a-kopa. |
street-PL | be.3PL.AN | person-ADJZ |
The word for street is based on the word for river, and therefore takes its animate gender. The suffix -kopa most closely resembles the English suffix -ful. |
Sugar tastes sweet.
Tipaĭ | soĭs-o | pupaĭ. |
sugar | taste-3s.INAN | sweet |
The fire feels hot.
Halo | tafem-i | tinta. |
fire | has-3s.AN | hot |
"Feel" in this context usually translates as "have". Takeis is used to convey what a person feels about themselves. |
The little girl seemed lonely.
Kusa | aki | iam-io | hulo. |
girl | little | seem-3s.AN.PST | lonely |
The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
Opo-kulo | aki | ańa | kam-io | puf-io | suikuaĭ-pu. |
GEN-boy | little | father | be-3s.AN.PST | PERF-3s.AN.PST | sailor-INDF |
When a past-tense verb is followed by the past-tense puf, it indicates the past perfect. |
I have lost my blanket.
Aĭoĭn-ee | puf-e | op-usa | aĭot́a. |
lose-1s.PST | PERF-1s | GEN-1s | blanket |
A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
Posko-pu | si | palaku | ia | tiś-ae | puf-i | o-tahi | piaĭsko | oĭl-t́itao | hisi-kopa. |
bird-INDF | with | chest | red | make-3s.AN.PST | PERF-3s.AN | GEN-3s.AN | nest | LOC-fruit.tree | appple-ADJZ |
At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
Oĭl-tisia | oes-ue | op-uki | tielasa | oplo | hiat́ala. |
LOC-noon | eat-1DU.EX.PST | GEN-1DU.EX | lunch | by | roadside |
Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
Emokefe | Ionse | tiś-ae | op-empi | es-kulo | aki | tiaĭ-pu. |
Mr | Jones | make-3s.AN.PST | GEN-3s.AN.FORM | BEN-boy | little | knife-INDF |
Their voices sound very happy.
O-tasaru | inaĭo-ru | ion-ire | toa-lo. |
GEN-3PAU.AN | voice-PAU | seem-3PAU.AN.PST | happy-AUG |
Is today Monday?
Taa | apape | kam-i | Kat́apaso? |
yes/no | today | be-3s.AN | Monday? |
Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
Uko | tano | uis-ala | puf-olo | fi-t́io? |
All | leaf | fall-3PL.INAN.PST | PERF-3PL.INAN | ABL-tree |
Will you be ready on time?
Taa | puf-u | puf-o | taśo | t́aĭ | emori? |
yes/no | be-2s.PST | PERF-2s.FUT | ready | correct | then |
When a past-tense verb is followed by the future-tense puf, it indicates the future perfect. T́aĭ emori, literally "the correct then", translates to "on time". Ensua can be used in place of emori if needed. |
Will you send this message for me?
Seĭoń-e | ikeuk-uku | eloĭ | karau? |
request-1s | send-2s.FUT | DET.this | message |
Seĭoń indicates the action requested is from the speaker and to the listener, unless specified otherwise (such as, "Bob seĭońo umuTom ikeukuku eloĭ karau?", which would indicate the request is from Bob and directed at Tom [instrumental case]). The following verb is almost always in future-tense, though it might be in present-tense if the request is an immediate command. |
Are you waiting for me?
Puf-afe | akiś-oĭa | paĭ | husa? |
be-2s.FORM | wait-PTCP | for | 1s |
Is this the first kitten of the litter?
Kam-i | op-asasa | huka | umati? |
be-3s.INAN | GEN-litter | first | kitten |
Genitive precedes other demonstratives. |
Are these shoes too big for you?
Eloĭ-ki | sauĭ-ki | kam-a | takeĭ | aluĭ | fao | pepa? |
DET.this-DU | shoe-DU | be-2s | too.much | big | for | 2s |
As an opinion, takeĭ always precedes the word it modifies, even when it's an adjective. |
How wide is the River?
Salo | toaĭ | ose | kam-i? |
what | width | river | be-3s.AN |
Listen.
Pu | ioĭs-i. |
now.IMP | listen-2s |
Sit here by me.
Pu | osan-i | śi | oplo | husa. |
now.IMP | sit-2s | place | by | me |
Keep this secret until tomorrow.
Kaman-i | esloĭ | si | impolisaĭ | fi-astoku. |
keep-2s | DEM.this | with | secrecy | ABL-tomorrow |
Pu can be omitted for polite requests and when the context makes the imperative mood obvious. |
Come with us.
Pu | fin-i | si | huru. |
now.IMP | go-2s | with | 1PAU.EX |
Bring your friends with you.
Pepa | aĭk-aleĭso-ru | saĭ-emiri. |
2s | COM-friend-PAU | LAT-here |
Be careful.
Pu | aeń-u | tatu. |
now.IMP | care-2s | carefully |
Have some tea.
Aiś-e | pefaĭ-ru-pu. |
offer-1s | tea-PAU-INDF |
The plural is often used as a shorthand for the entirety of something, with the paucal denoting a portion of that. Uso pefaĭ is also acceptable. If the subject of the offer isn't clear from the context, the correct pronoun (or name) can be used before the verb. |
Pip and his dog were great friends.
Pipo | aĭ | o-tahi | pei | kam-uru | ufa-lo | aleĭso-ki. |
Pip | and | GEN-3s | dog | be-3DU.PST | good-AUG | friend-DU |
It is common to use kam instead of puf to denote the permanence of the friendship. |
John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
Iono | aĭ | Elisape | kam-ara | akasa-ki. |
John | and | Elizabeth | be-3DU | sibling-DU |
You and I will go together.
Aĭkuki | fin-ekuĭ. |
1DU.INCL | go-1DU.INCL.FUT |
Pepa aĭkusa finekuĭ is also acceptable, denoting separateness before joining together. |
They opened all the doors and windows.
Kukof-ira | uko | t́otoĭ-ńa | aĭ | ako-ńa. |
open-3PAU.PST | all | door-PL | and | window-PL |
The plural markers are optional (or might be traded for paucal or dual suffixes). |
He is small, but strong.
Kam-a | aki, | ieĭ | koĭmeĭ. |
be-3s | small | but | strong |
Is this tree an oak or a maple?
Salo | eloĭ | t́io | kam-omo | t́ukea-pu | a | t́uśaĭ-pu? |
what | this | tree | be-3s.INAN | oak-INDF | or | maple-INDF |
Does the sky look blue or gray?
Kompu | iam-i | tioto | a | oksomse? |
sky | seem-3s.AN | cyan.blue | or | gray |
Takuni is a dark shade of blue, like navy or cobalt. Tioto is lighter, like cyan or sky blue. Note that the sky is considered animate. |
Come with your father or mother.
Pu | toon-ii | o-pepa | aĭk-ańa | o | aĭk-aorma. |
IMP | come-2s.FUT | GEN-2s | COM-father | or | COM-mother |
The possessive pronoun can be distributed across and/or clauses, or you can apply it to both nouns separately: opepa aĭkańa o opepa aĭkaorma. |
I am tired, but very happy.
Puf-e | saasu, | ieĭ | toa-lo. |
be-1s | tired | but | happy-AUG. |
He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
Touĭn-ae | sorio-pu | op-empi | tamese | umu-tiatei. |
play-3s.AN.PST | tune-INDF | GEN-3s.AN.FORM | wonderful | INS-flute |
Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
Teĭkuneso | asaśaĭ | paĭ | hat́upu | paso-ńa | akip-ilo | takeĭ. |
towards | ending | for | summer | day-PL | shrink-3PL.INAN | much |
Teĭkuneso points at a specific (though possibly unknown) portion of the noun it modifies. (Paĭ asaśaĭ would point to the exact end.) |
A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
Haokariso-pu | aĭkses-ae | piraĭ | foĭ-t́o | aĭ | foĭ-tite. |
company.of.soldiers-INDF | march-3s.AN.PST | over | PER-hill | and | PER-meadow |
Piraĭ is used before foĭt́o to disabiguate that they are going over the hill, not along its edge. |
The first part of the story is very interesting.
Huka | pukunuoĭ | ta | koĭasu | kam-omo | uĭlsi-lo. |
first | portion | in | story | be-3s.INAN | interesting-AUG |
The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
Aheu | śuĭrim-io | t́akoati-ru-pu | saĭ-tatio | tue | śaĭrim-io | uĭte | saĭ-kata | piraĭ. |
crow | drop-3s.PST | pebble-PAU-INDF | LAT-pitcher | & | raise-3s.PST | water | LAT-edge | upper |
Tue links verb phrases. Aĭ links noun phrases and adjectives. |
The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
Seaĭ | talus-ae | tue | iah-io | si | toa-lo. |
baby | clap-3s.AN.PST | and | laugh-3s.AN.PST | with | happy-AUG |
Stop your game and be quiet.
Pu | akiś-u | o-pepa | satuĭke | tue | tofoas-i. |
IMP | stop-2s | GEN-2s | game | and | be.quiet-2s |
The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
Opo-foru-ru | suafao | puf-iri | opoĭo-moĭ-lo | aĭ | opoĭo-moĭ-lo. |
GEN-drum-PAU | sound | be-3PAU.INAN.PST | loud-COMP-AUG | and | loud-COMP-AUG |
Do you like summer or winter better?
Eli | ipan-oe | ufa-moĭ-lo | soĭ | tarhuĭa | a | hat́upu? |
which | like-2s | good-COMP-AUG | of.the.following | winter | or | summer |
That boy will have a wonderful trip.
Eĭna | kulo | pam-iu | tamese | fiśaĭ-pu. |
DET.that | boy | obtain-3s.AN.FUT | wonderful | trip-INDF |
They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
Utip-ila | huka | satuĭke-ki, | uoĭ | teĺoś-ile | oĺai | eĭloĭ |
won-3PL.ANIM.PST | first | game-DU | but | lose-3PL.ANIM.PST | last | DEM.that.one |
Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
Pu | oĭpup-a | eloĭ | karaati, | ikeuk-a | o-pepa | sai-aorma; | tue | akiś-u | paĭ | puĭsaśaĭ-pu. |
IMP | receive-2s | DET.this | note | deliver-2s | GEN-2s | LAT-mother | and | wait-2s | for | answer-INDF |
I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
Soko | feuń-e | pokaĭ, | foatatu | t́asaf-ee, | tue | śuim-ee | paĭ | t́aśeĭ. |
early | wake-1s.PST | REFL | hasty | dress-1s.PST | and | go.down-1s.PST | for | breakfast |
The reflexive pronoun pokaĭ stands in for any noun, typically the last reference. Both feuń and t́asaf are transitive and require an object, but since the reflexive was used for the first verb in the sentence, the second can be omitted and will be understood to have a reflexive object as well. |
Aha! I have caught you!
Etaĭ! | kikaf-ee | puf-e | pepa! |
Aha! | catch-1s.PST | PERF-1s | 2s |
This string is too short!
Eloĭ | suo | puf-ofo | takeĭ | aĭlo! |
DET.this | string | be-3s.INAN | too | short |
Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
Tosinu oso! | okuĭ | ataf-es-ae | puf-i | op-usa | t́ańaśa | fi-husa! |
Oh dear! | wind | blow-TR-PST.3s.AN | PERF-3s.AN | GEN-1s | hat | ABL-1s |
Tosinu oso literally means "smelly fish". It's considered a very mild expletive. |
Alas! that news is sad indeed!
Etue! | eloĭ | karaisaĭ | kam-omo | tiase | oplo | aĺisaĭ-pu. |
Alas! | DET.this | news | be-3s.INAN | sad | beside/next.to | truth-INDF |
Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
Arua! | Eĭna | okuĭ | kimi | tososam-es-o | op-usa | kani! |
Whew! | DET.that | wind | cold | freeze-TR-3s.AN | GEN-1s | nose |
Arua is literally a noise a dog makes. |
Are you warm enough now?
Taa | puf-afe | foasośo | taoto | oĭl-emiri? |
yes/no | be-2s.FORM | enough | warm | LOC-now |
They heard the warning too late.
Suaf-io | puf-io | fitisaĭśaĭ | takeĭ | sau. |
hear-3PL.PST | PERF-3PL.PST | warning | too | late |
We are a brave people, and love our country.
Kam-ou | koĭ | kart́aao | tue | takaeń-uoĭ | op-una | uĭtuka. |
be-1PL.EX | brave | people | and | love-1PL.EX | GEN-1PL.EX | country |
All the children came except Mary.
Uko | eme-ńa | toon-ile | ieĭ | fo-es-ae | Omari |
all | child-PL | come-3PL.AN.PST | except | not-do-3s.AN.PST | Mary |
Eme-ńa | paoń-ae | Omari | toon-ile. |
child-PL | remove-3s.PST | Mary | come-3PL.AN.PST |
[X] removing [Y] is a common way to indicate [X] except for [Y], and is understood as a noun phrase requiring a verb. |
Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
Iaka | takuaś-oe | t́akoati-ru-pu | tue | otap-io | sol-emoru | saĭ-oa. |
Jack | sieze-3s.AN.PST | pebble-PAU-INDF | and | throw-3s.AN.PST | DAT-those.PAU | LAT-lake |
This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
Eloĭ | upire | ium-imi | oĭl-t́o | piruĭ, | kam-imi | fi-toĭka | teta. |
this | cottage | stand-3s.INAN.PST | LOC-hill | low | be-3s.INAN.PST | ABL-village | far |
On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
Ufa | hat́upu | oĭl-tinse-pu, | kart́a-ki | tio | osan-ire | es-oĭa | o-taski | op-upire | oĭl-t́otoĭ | foaakoe. |
fine | summer | LOC-evening-INDF | person-DU | old | sit-3DU.PST | do-PROG | GEN-3DU | GEN-cottage | LOC-door | outside.of |
Our bird's name is Jacko.
Op-uki | opo-posko | asuoĭ | kam-omo | Iaka. |
GEN-1DU.EX | GEN-bird | name | be-3s.INAN | Jack |
The river knows the way to the sea.
Ose | aof-i | finiśi | paĭ | saĭ-uĭtese. |
river | know-3s.INAN | way | for | LAT-sea |
The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
Sia | es-a | suik-aĭa | fi-emiri, | iam-i | pokso-pu | t́ami | feuś-oĭa. |
boat | do-3s.INAN | sail-PTCP | ABL-here | seem-3s.AN | bird-INDF | while | fly-3s.PTCP |
They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
Teom-ira | tatu | oĭl-emori, | uoĭ | his-ire | sefaśu. |
look-3PAU.AN.PST | cautious | LOC-there | but | see-3PAU.AN.PST | nothing |
The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
Upire | aki | tafem-imi | pa | tekoĭ-ru, | alumani | tekoĭ-pu, | saasu | tekoĭ-pu, | aĭ | pies-u | tekoĭ-pu | ati-li. |
house | little | have-3s.INAN.PST | 3 | room-PAU | welcoming | room-INDF | sleepy | room-INDF | and | cook-ADJZ | room-INDF | small-DIM |
We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.
Taĭken-ue | toĭka | ati | op-usa | ańkasa, | toĭka | aluĭ-maĭ | aĺpa | toĭnaĭ. |
visit-1DU.EX.PST | village | of | GEN-1s | uncle | village | large-SUPL | on.top.of | world |
We learn something new each day.
santusoĭmip-eo | unia | faśu-pu | iaĭ | paso-ńa. |
learn-1s.INCL | new | something-INDF | continuous | day-PL |
The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
Tuaniśi | soko | utis-uĭa | paĭ | ka | fot́iliao-ru | eloĭ | foĭ-pasoao. |
market | early | begin-3s.INAN.FUT | by | five | minute-PAU | DET.this | PER-week |
Did you find the distance too great?
Taa | takeis-oseĭ | okiisaĭ | takeĭ | okio? |
yes/no | feel-2s.FORM.PST | length | too.much | long |
Hurry, children.
eme-ńa, | pu | kot́op-ala. |
child-PL | IMP | hurry-2PL |
Madam, I will obey your command.
Emokefe, | tokof-eke | op-esa | pakhaĭśaĭ. |
Madam | obey-1s.FUT | GEN-2s.FORM | command |
Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
Oĭl-emiri, | keĭa | eloĭ | t́io, | tikof-ira | op-emki | sol-torteno-ńa | ufa-lo | oesoĭseto-pu. |
LOC-here | under | this | tree | threw.event-3PAU.AN.PST | GEN-3DU.FORM | DAT-guest-PL | good-AUG | feast-INDF |
In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
Oĭl-tarhuĭa | tues-e | feuń-oĭa | pokaĭ | oĭl-antaĭ | tue | t́asaf-aĭa | kamo-kateu | umu-pasoĭa | aspiaa. |
LOC-winter | do.habitually-1s | wake-PTCP | REFL | LOC-night | and | dress-PTCP | ADJZ.from-candle | INS-light | yellow |
Tell the last part of that story again.
Tuka | pu | ion-i | oĺai | pukunuoĭ | ta | koĭasu. |
again | IMP | tell-2s | last | portion | in | story |
Be quick or you will be too late.
Kot́op-ala | tuuĭ | puf-o | takeĭ | sau. |
hurry-2s | or | be-2s.FUT | too | late |
Will you go with us or wait here?
Eli | fin-o | aĭk-uru | tuuĭ | akiś-ii | oĭl-emiri? |
which | go-2s.FUT | COM-1PAU.EX | or | wait-2s.FUT | LOC-here |
She was always shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
Tues-ae | puf-aĭa | takoe, | tia | foapatio, | aĭ | oĭl-paso-ńa | kimi | takeĭ | foufa. |
do.habitually-3s.AN.PST | be-PTCP | shabby | sometimes | ragged | and | LOC-day-PL | cold | very | uncomfortable |
Think first and then act.
Takaif-a | fiti | es-i. |
think-2s | before | do-2s |
I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
Ium-ee, | kusa-pu | iam-io | t́it́i-li, | aĺpa | au-pu | aplo | ako, | tue | his-ee | pakasa-ńa | uiseso. |
stand-1s.PST | girl-INDF | seem-3s.AN.PST | bug-DIM | on | chair-INDF | by | window | and | watch-1s.PST | snow-PL | falling |
Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
Op-usa | ulota, | pu | ketis-i | eloĭ-ru | asie-ru | sol-torteno-ńa | tue | ion-i | o-kańa | tanke | okoĭlasu | sol-emuńa. |
GEN-1s | son | IMP | show-2s | DET-PAU | seashell-PAU | DAT-guest-PL | and | tell-2s | GEN-3PL.AN | weird | history | DAT-3PL.AN.FORM |
Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
Uĭsim-ame | esokaĭ | sono | op-esa | ufa-maĭ | umu-soniśaĭ. |
satisfy-2s.FORM | REFL | only | GEN-2s.FORM | good-SUPL | INS-work |
We consider them our faithful friends.
Take-puaf-uo | iki | kam-iro | op-uki | śoki | aleĭso-ki. |
strongly-believe-1DU.EX | that | be-3PAU.AN | GEN-1DU.EX | faithful | friend-DU |
We will make this place our home.
T́okif-eko | op-aĭkuki | piaĭ | sol-emiri. |
make-1DU.INCL.FUT | GEN-1DU.INCL | home | DAT-this.place |
The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
Iuĭt́io-ńa | kuĭn-ole | taoto | aĭ | ufa | opo-taśńa | sol-pikaĭla-ńa | umu-pooĭ-ru | aĭ | umu-tano-ru. |
squirrel-PL | make-3PL.AN | warm | and | comfortable | GEN-3PL | DAT-nest-PL | INS-moss-PAU | and | INS-leaf-PAU |
The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
Opo-kusa | aki | tiś-ae | tuĭloa | opo-karaki | puĭa. |
GEN-girl | little | make-3s.AN.PST | alone | GEN-doll | dress |
I hurt myself.
Tisos-ee | pokaĭ. |
hurt-1s.PST | REFL |
She was talking to herself.
Es-ae | ion-oĭa | sol-pokaĭ. |
do-3s.AN.PST | talk-PTCP | DAT-REFL |
He proved himself trustworthy.
Takeketis-ee | pokaĭ | kam-aĭa | t́uĭkasoĭmi. |
prove-3s.AN | REFL | be-PTCP | trustworthy |
We could see ourselves in the water.
Iiś-ure | his-oĭa | pokaĭ-ki | oĭl-uĭte. |
can-2DU.PST | see-PTCP | REFL-DU | LOC-water |
Do it yourself.
Pu | saśim-ii | es-oĭa. |
IMP | must.do-2s.FUT | do-PTCP |
I feel ashamed of myself.
Takeis-e | aaĭkopa. |
feel-1s | shameful |
Alternately, one could say takeise aaĭkoe, which is merely "I feel ashamed." |
Sit here by yourself.
Pu | tapateso | osan-ii | oĭl-emiri. |
IMP | separated | sit-2s.FUT | LOC-here |
The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
Opo-t́amuati | aki | puĭa | kam-imi | eat́-oĭa | si | piura-ńa-pu, | kam-olo | op-uĭtuka | eonestuo | suĭtu. |
GEN-princess | little | dress | be-3s.INAN.PST | sew-PTCP | with | rose-PL-INDF | be-3PL.INAN | GEN-country | symbolic | flower |
They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
T́asaf-ila | t́ańaśa-ńa-pu | ia, | kam-olo | piofafo | eonestuiśaĭ. |
wear-3s.AN.PST | hat-PL-INDF | red | be-3PL.INAN | liberty | symbol |
With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
Aĭk-empi | oke | t́aamaĭno, | foa-tafem-aĭ | kasu | paĭ | t́ami | haĭsisaĭ. |
COM-3s.AN.FORM | as | protector | do.not-have-1PL.INCL | fear | for | any | danger |
Aĭk- (COM) gets used for animate instruments and umu- (INS) is for inanimate instruments. |
All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
op-empi | uko | ufalu | etaĭkatu, | esasta, | sopio, | aĭ | olfi | es-ile | puf-aĭa | saĭ-tatoimo-pu. |
GEN-3s.AN.FORM | all | fine | clothing | lace | ribbon | & | feather | do-3PL. INAN.PST | be-PTCP | LAT-trunk-INDF |
Light he thought her, like a feather.
Kusa | osei | tahi | es-ae | takaif-aĭa, | oke | olfi-pu. |
girl | light | 3s.AN | do-3s.PST | consider-PTCP | like | feather-INDF |
When keeping to pronouns would make the sentence unclear, the patient of a sentence is usually transformed into a noun, and the agent is inserted as a pronoun. |
Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
Uko | oĭl-enatoĭ | aĭ | eropertu | op-uru | ańkaseme-ru | tues-ore | taĭken-oĭa | huru. | paĭ | emori | okio. |
every | LOC-spring | & | fall | GEN-3s.PAU | cousin-PAU | do.habitually-3PAU.AN | visit-PTCP | 1PAU.EX | for | time | long |
In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
O-taśńa | oĭl-kompisaĭ, | śasa-ńa | tues-ala | kam-aĭa | aktofo | foĭ-tarhuĭa. |
GEN-3PL.AN | LOC-climate | grass-PL | do.habitually-3PL.INAN | be-PTCP | green | PER-winter |
The boy who brought the book has gone.
Kulo | eslaĭ | seat-ae | fuhao | puf-io | fi-emiri. |
boy | this.one | bring-3s.AN | book | be-3s.AN | ABL-here |
These are the flowers that you ordered.
Eslaĭ-ńa | kam-olo | suĭtu-ńa | iki | tusin-oneĭ | kańa. |
this.one-PL | be-3PL.INAN | flower-PL | that | buy-2s.FORM.PST | 3PL.INAN |
I have lost the book that you gave me.
Aĭoĭn-ee | puf-e | fuhao | iki | ket-oe | husa | sol-kafa. |
lose-1s.PST | PERF-1s | book | that | give-2s.PST | 1s | DAT-3s.INAN |
The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
Eĭeśuoĭ | iki | taktafem-io | sia | pu | takpuĭp-io | solioĭpaśaĭ. |
fisherman | that | own-3s.AN.PST | boat | now | demand-3s.AN | payment |
Come when you are called.
Toon-i | oĭl-emori | es-i | katos-oĭa. |
come-2s | LOC-when | do-2s | call-PTCP |
I shall stay at home if it rains.
Seefin-eke | oĭl-piaĭ | iu | uĭlo | toon-ole. |
stay-1s.FUT | LOC-home | if | rain | come-3PL.AN |
When he saw me, he stopped.
Oĭl-emori | teom-io | husa, | akiś-ae. |
LOC-when | see-3s.AN.PST | 1s | stop-3s.AN.PST |
NOTE: This can also be interpreted as “Where he saw me, he stopped.” Context is key. |
Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
Pu | fo-iah-ara | saĭ-husa | inau | iam-e | op-usa | paĭe | puf-i | sokań-oĭa. |
IMP | not-laugh-2PAU | 1s | because | seem-1s | GEN-1s | mind | be-3s.AN | swim-PTCP |
“Mind is swimming” means absent-minded |
I shall lend you the books that you need.
Foseń-eke | saĭ-pepa | sol-fuhao-ru | iki | suif-a | kafa-ru. |
lend-1s.FUT | LAT-2s | DAT-book-PAU | that | need-2s | 3.INAN-PAU |
Come early next Monday if you can.
Pu | toon-ii | soko | saki | oĭl-Kat́apaso | iu | iiś-ii. |
IMP | come-2s.FUT | early | next | LOC-Monday | if | can-2s.FUT |
If you come early, wait in the hall.
Iu | soko | toon-ii, | pu | akiś-ii | aakoe | takoĭ | aluĭ. |
if | early | come-2s.FUT | IMP | wait-2s.FUT | in | room | big |
I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
Huiam-ee | akas-ati | iki | asuoĭ | kam-imi | Antonio. |
have-1s.PST | brother-DIM | that | name | be-3s.AN.PST | Antonio |
Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
Tisoĭ-ńa | kam-ilo | asulu-ńa | aki | iki | haan-ole | keĭt́ala. |
dwarf-PL | be-3PL.AN | demihuman-PL | little | that | live-3PL.AN | underground |
Ancient Kartara has no word for gnomes, but they have one for dwarves. |
He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
Empi | es-o | takaeń-oĭa | uko | umu-kart́a, | inau | kam-i | umili. |
3s.AN.FORM | do-3s.AN | love-PTCP | all | INS-person | because | be-3s.AN | gentle |
Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
Asuat-i | enfai | sokuĭ | kot́o | paĭm-eke | op-usa | t́ańaśa. |
hold-2s | horse | while | quick | get-1s.FUT | GEN-1s | hat |
I have found the ring I lost.
Taĭef-ee | puf-e | kat́afo | iki | aĭoĭn-ee | kafa. |
find-1s.PST | PERF-1s | ring | that | lose-1s.PST | 3s.INAN |
Play and I will sing.
Pu | touĭn-i | tue | totof-eke. |
IMP | play-2s | and | sing-1s.FUT |
That is the funniest story I ever heard.
Eĭloĭ | kam-i | aleku-maĭ | koĭasu | iki | ioĭs-es-ee | puf-e | tahi. |
that | be-3s.AN | funny-SUPL | story | that | listen-TR-2s.PST | PERF-1s | 3s.AN |
She is taller than her brother.
Kam-i | isea-moĭ-lo | eĭa | o-tahi | akasa. |
be-3s | tall-COMP-AUG | than | GEN-3s | brother |
They are no wiser than we.
Taśńa | foa-kam-ilo | atipa-moĭ-lo | eĭa | aĭkuńa. |
3PL | not-be-3PL | wise-COMP-AUG | than | 1PL.INCL |
Light travels faster than sound.
Pasoĭa-ńa | kot́o-moĭ-lo | eĭa | suafao-ńa | fin-ole |
light-PL | fast-COMP-AUG | than | sound-PL | travel-3PL.AN |
We have more time than they.
Op-aĭkuńa | pasatisaĭ | puf-i | aluĭ-moĭ-lo | eĭa | o-taśńa | eĭloĭ. |
GEN-1PL.INCL | time | be-3s.AN | large-COMP-AUG | than | GEN-3PL.AN | that.one |
She has more friends than enemies.
Tafem-i | taĭefu | aleĭsu-ńa | eĭa | śuĭseu-ńa. |
has-3s | more | friend-PL | than | enemy-PL |
He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
Kam-io | fooposo-lo, | o-tahi | aĭk-inti | a | ka | aĭk-eme-ru | puf-ila | aki | aĭlo | oĭl-upire | isom-imi | atofisaĭ-ńa | a | t́aa-ńa. |
be-3s.PST | poor-AUG | GEN-3s | COM-wife | and | five | COM-child-PAU | be-3PL.AN.PST | little | short | LOC-cabin | made.of-3s.INAN.PST | log-PL | and | stone-PL |
When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
Oĭl-emori | okuĭ | ataf-io, | finoĭno | taket́asaf-io | o-tahi | hipia | taĭefu | tasa | kat́oĭa. |
LOC-when | wind | blow-3s.AN.PST | traveler | wrap-3s.AN.PST | GEN-3s | mantle | more | close | around |
I am sure that we can go.
Puf-e | t́aoń-oĭa | iki | iiś-u | saĭ-emori. |
be-1s | assure-PTCP | that | can-1DU.INCL | LAT-there |
We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
Kat́in-ue | saĭ-śi | iki | his-ue | piura-ńa. |
return-1DU.EX | LAT-place | that | see-1DU.EX | rose-PL |
"This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
“Eloĭ | t́io | kam-omo | kantaĭ | ipoka | foĭ-iseisaĭ,” | esion-ae | aanamomo. |
this | tree | be-3s.INAN | fifty | foot | PER-height | spoken.by-3s.AN.PST | gardener |
I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
Puaf-e | iki | eloĭ | sia | puf-eĭfo | fi-śi | ka | fot́iliao | soko | oĭl-apape. |
think-1s | that | this | ship | be-3s.INAN.FUT | ABL-place | five | minute | early | LOC-today |
My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
Op-usa | puaśaĭ | kam-i | iki | t́amuaĭ | takeket-epe | tahi | sol-faimafo-pu. |
GEN-1s | opinion | be-3s.AN | that | king | grant-3s.AN.FUT | 3s.AN | DAT-pardon-INDF |
Why he has left the city is a mystery.
Aĭani | paĭ | empi | fi -toĭketo | kam-imi | ośisaĭ-pu. |
why | for | 3s.FORM | ABL-city | be-3s.INAN | mystery-INDF |
The house stands where three roads meet.
Upire | ium-imi | emori | iki | pa | oset́ala-ru | otakis-ore | pokaĭ-ru. |
house | stand-3s.INAN | where | that | three | road-PAU | meet-3PAU.AN | REFL-PAU |
He has far more money than brains.
Tafem-i | taĭefu-lo | soi | eĭa | iatisaĭ. |
has-3s.AN | more-AUG | money | than | intelligence |
Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
Aĺisaĭ | iam-omo | eĭna | t́ukoĭ | iaĭ | es-aa | foa-kukof-aĭa, |
truth | seem-3s.INAN | that | gate | continuously | do-3s.INAN | not-open-PTCP |
inau | śasa-ńa | okio | aĭ | paskapako-ńa | aluĭ | oas-ala | tasa | oplo | kafa. |
because | grass-PL | long | and | hemlock-PL | large | grow-3PL.INAN | close | by | it |
I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.
Otakis-ee | kusa-pu | aki | upire; | asuat-ae | po | patupo, | esion-ae. |
met-1s.PST | girl-INDF | little | cottage | hold-3s.AN.PST | eight | year | said-3s.AN.PST |