Difference between revisions of "Ancient Kartara/Examples"

< Ancient Kartara
Line 368: Line 368:
 
| ''Es-puf-eke''
 
| ''Es-puf-eke''
 
| ''eloĭ''
 
| ''eloĭ''
−
| ''fi-śi''
+
| ''fi-śi.''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| BEN.FORM-be-1s.FUT
 
| BEN.FORM-be-1s.FUT
Line 380: Line 380:
 
| ''eloĭ''
 
| ''eloĭ''
 
| ''saĭ-śi''
 
| ''saĭ-śi''
−
| ''oĺa''
+
| ''oĺa.''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| be-3s.FUT
 
| be-3s.FUT
Line 393: Line 393:
 
| ''sou''
 
| ''sou''
 
| ''somus-ese''
 
| ''somus-ese''
−
| ''fi-śi''
+
| ''fi-śi.''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| GEN-baby
 
| GEN-baby
Line 406: Line 406:
 
| ''sonim-aĭa''
 
| ''sonim-aĭa''
 
| ''puf-iro''
 
| ''puf-iro''
−
| ''aĭk-eloĭ-ki''
+
| ''aĭk-eloĭ-ki.''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| boy-DU
 
| boy-DU
Line 418: Line 418:
 
| ''Kusuo''
 
| ''Kusuo''
 
| ''alosof-iu''
 
| ''alosof-iu''
−
| ''pokiko''
+
| ''pokiko.''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| mist
 
| mist
Line 431: Line 431:
 
| ''oas-ala''
 
| ''oas-ala''
 
| ''uko''
 
| ''uko''
−
| ''śi''
+
| ''śi.''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| flower-PL
 
| flower-PL
Line 444: Line 444:
 
| ''Oap-eĭ''
 
| ''Oap-eĭ''
 
| ''oes-oĭa''
 
| ''oes-oĭa''
−
| ''peĭalśe-moĭ-o''
+
| ''peĭalśe-moĭ-o.''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| should-1PAU.IN
 
| should-1PAU.IN
Line 456: Line 456:
 
| ''puf-a''
 
| ''puf-a''
 
| ''oĺa''
 
| ''oĺa''
−
| ''takeĭ''
+
| ''takeĭ.''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| come.2s.PST
 
| come.2s.PST
Line 462: Line 462:
 
| soon
 
| soon
 
| too
 
| too
−
|-
+
|}
−
| colspan="4" | When a past-tense is followed by the present-tense ''puf'', it indicates the present perfect.
+
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| When a past-tense is followed by the present-tense ''puf'', it indicates the present perfect.
 
|}
 
|}
 
You must write more neatly.
 
You must write more neatly.
Line 470: Line 471:
 
| ''Tuksun-oĭa''
 
| ''Tuksun-oĭa''
 
| ''saśim-a''
 
| ''saśim-a''
−
| ''tatumo-moĭ-lo''
+
| ''tatumo-moĭ-lo.''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| write.PTCP
 
| write.PTCP
Line 485: Line 486:
 
| ''tamese''
 
| ''tamese''
 
| ''śit́ami''
 
| ''śit́ami''
−
| ''ium-omo''
+
| ''ium-omo.''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| seem-3s.INAN
 
| seem-3s.INAN
Line 503: Line 504:
 
| ''pei''
 
| ''pei''
 
| ''puf-i''
 
| ''puf-i''
−
| ''oĭl-topou''
+
| ''oĭl-topou.''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| GEN-Henry
 
| GEN-Henry
Line 518: Line 519:
 
| ''umu''
 
| ''umu''
 
| ''puf-i''
 
| ''puf-i''
−
| ''uĭmu''
+
| ''uĭmu.''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| GEN-1s
 
| GEN-1s
Line 532: Line 533:
 
| ''karaki''
 
| ''karaki''
 
| ''etook-aĭa''
 
| ''etook-aĭa''
−
| ''puf-ofo''
+
| ''puf-ofo.''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| GEN-girl
 
| GEN-girl
Line 546: Line 547:
 
| ''saas-oĭa''
 
| ''saas-oĭa''
 
| ''tia-lo''
 
| ''tia-lo''
−
| ''tues-e''
+
| ''tues-e.''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1s
 
| 1s
Line 554: Line 555:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| colspan="4" | ''Husa'' is optional, but would most likely be said here for clarity.
 
| colspan="4" | ''Husa'' is optional, but would most likely be said here for clarity.
 +
|}
 +
The children ran after Jack.
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| ''Eme-ru''
 +
| ''selek-era''
 +
| ''iuś-oĭa''
 +
| ''saĭ-Jack.''
 +
|-
 +
| child-PAU
 +
| run-3PAU.AN.PST
 +
| follow-PTCP
 +
| LAT-Jack
 +
|}
 +
I can play after school.
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| ''Fut-oĭa''
 +
| ''pen-eke''
 +
| ''t́it́i''
 +
| ''santus-oĭa.''
 +
|-
 +
| play.PTCP
 +
| can-1s.FUT
 +
| after
 +
| teach-PTCP
 +
|}
 +
We went to the village for a visit.
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| ''Puf-ue''
 +
| ''saĭ-toĭka''
 +
| ''um-taĭken-oĭa.''
 +
|-
 +
| be-1DU.EX.PST
 +
| LAT-village
 +
| INS-visit-PTCP
 +
|}
 +
We arrived at the river.
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| ''Toon-ue''
 +
| ''oĭl-ose.''
 +
|-
 +
| arrive-1DU.EX.PST
 +
| LOC-river
 +
|}
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| Using ''puf'' would translate as "we went to the river" and require the lative case.
 +
|}
 +
I have been waiting for you.
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| ''Akiś-ee''
 +
| ''puf-e''
 +
| ''paĭ''
 +
| ''pepa.''
 +
|-
 +
| wait-1s.PST
 +
| PERF.1s
 +
| for
 +
| 2s
 +
|}
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| ''Es-akiś-ee''
 +
| ''puf-e.''
 +
|-
 +
| BEN.FORM-wait-1s.PST
 +
| PERF-1s
 +
|}
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| The first form would be used by a superior to an underling. The latter from an underling to a superior. In other cases, either could be used.
 +
|}
 +
The campers sat around the fire.
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| ''Fin-oĭa''
 +
| ''kart́a-ru''
 +
| ''osan-ire''
 +
| ''sasapeti''
 +
| ''halo.''
 +
|-
 +
| travel.PTCP
 +
| person-PAU
 +
| sit-2PAU.AN.PST
 +
| around
 +
| fire
 +
|}
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| Lacking a word for "camper", the language would use the type of person who would camp out: travelers.
 +
|}
 +
A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| ''Kusa''
 +
| ''aki''
 +
| ''aĭk-umili''
 +
| ''osan-oe''
 +
| ''tasa''
 +
| ''husa.''
 +
|-
 +
| girl
 +
| little
 +
| COM-kitten
 +
| sit-3s.AN.PST
 +
| near
 +
| 1s
 +
|}
 +
The child waited at the door for her father.
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| ''Eme''
 +
| ''akiś-oe''
 +
| ''oĭl-t́otoĭ''
 +
| ''paĭ''
 +
| ''o-tahi''
 +
| ''ańa.''
 +
|-
 +
| child
 +
| wait.3s.AN.PST
 +
| LOC-door
 +
| for
 +
| GEN-3s
 +
| father
 +
|}
 +
Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| ''Apopo''
 +
| ''iki''
 +
| ''oĭl-toĭka''
 +
| ''kusa''
 +
| ''tio-maĭ''
 +
| ''aĭoĭn-oe''
 +
| ''o-tahi''
 +
| ''umili.''
 +
|-
 +
| Yesterday
 +
| CONJ.ADV
 +
| LOC-village
 +
| girl
 +
| old-SUPL
 +
| lose-3s.AN.PST
 +
| GEN-3s
 +
| kitten
 +
|}
 +
Were you born in this village?
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| ''Tali''
 +
| ''suaĭn-oe''
 +
| ''eloĭ''
 +
| ''oĭl-toĭka?''
 +
|-
 +
| where
 +
| born.2s.PST
 +
| DET.this
 +
| LOC-village
 +
|}
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| The interrogative pronoun can be omitted, with intonation alone indicating that it's a question. The pronoun always matches the information being requested.
 +
|}
 +
Can your brother dance well?
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| ''Pali''
 +
| ''o-pepa''
 +
| ''akasa''
 +
| ''haĭf-i''
 +
| ''ufa?''
 +
|-
 +
| how
 +
| GEN-2s
 +
| brother
 +
| dance-3s
 +
| well
 +
|}
 +
Did the man leave?
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| ''Tali''
 +
| ''aluko''
 +
| ''eloĭ''
 +
| ''fi-śi?''
 +
|-
 +
| where
 +
| man
 +
| DET.this
 +
| ABL-place
 +
|}
 +
Is your sister coming for you?
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| ''Pali''
 +
| ''o-husa''
 +
| ''atkao''
 +
| ''saĭ-śi''
 +
| ''paĭ''
 +
| ''pepa?''
 +
|-
 +
| how
 +
| GEN-2s
 +
| sister
 +
| LAT-place
 +
| for
 +
| you
 +
|}
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| The pronoun used can reveal why the question is being asked. Here, they are asking ''how'' you are leaving, as opposed to ''who'' you are leaving with (why not me?), ''when'' you are leaving (is it going to be a while?) or even ''why'' it's happening (is your sister making you leave?) The most polite pronoun is ''what'', asking if the event being described will happen.
 +
|}
 +
Can you come tomorrow?
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| ''Pepa''
 +
| ''salo''
 +
| ''saĭ-śi''
 +
| ''astoku?''
 +
|-
 +
| 2s
 +
| what
 +
| LAT-place
 +
| tomorrow
 +
|}
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| The interrogative pronoun precedes a regular noun, but follows a personal pronoun.
 +
|}
 +
Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| ''Salo''
 +
| ''foatia-ki''
 +
| ''fi-śi''
 +
| ''paĭ''
 +
| ''tarhuĭa?''
 +
|-
 +
| what
 +
| neighbor-DU
 +
| ABL-place
 +
| for
 +
| winter
 +
|}
 +
Does the robin sing in the rain?
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| ''Salo''
 +
| ''posko-pu''
 +
| ''aĭk-palaku''
 +
| ''ia''
 +
| ''totof-ilo''
 +
| ''oĭl-uĭlo?''
 +
|-
 +
| what
 +
| bird-NOM
 +
| COM-chest
 +
| red
 +
| sing-3AN.PL
 +
| LOC-rain
 +
|}
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| When talking about a generic noun, the noun receives the basic nominative suffix without any number marker, but the verb takes the 3rd person plural. (The language lacks a word for 'robin', hence 'bird with red chest'.)
 +
|}
 +
Are you going with us to the concert?
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| ''Salo''
 +
| ''pepa''
 +
| ''saĭ-teto''
 +
| ''sora''
 +
| ''aĭk-usasta?''
 +
|-
 +
| what
 +
| 2s
 +
| ABL-event
 +
| music
 +
| COM-1PAU.EX
 +
|}
 +
Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| ''Uli''
 +
| ''fin-oe''
 +
| ''oĭl-t́au''
 +
| ''ohla?''
 +
|-
 +
| when
 +
| travel.2s.PST
 +
| LOC-forest
 +
| hot
 +
|}
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| As usual, the personal pronoun is optional.
 +
|}
 +
We sailed down the river for several miles.
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| ''Suik-utoĭ''
 +
| ''piruĭ''
 +
| ''ose''
 +
| ''t́it́i''
 +
| ''too-ru.''
 +
|-
 +
| sail-1PL.EX.PST
 +
| downstream
 +
| river
 +
| for
 +
| mile-PAU
 +
|}
 +
Everybody knows about hunting.
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
| ''Uko''
 +
| ''kart́a''
 +
| ''aof-ilo''
 +
| ''paĭ''
 +
| ''ulan-oĭa.''
 +
|-
 +
| All
 +
| person
 +
| know-3PL.AN
 +
| about
 +
| hunt-PTCP
 
|}
 
|}

Revision as of 01:00, 23 April 2017

The sun shines.

Ulu pas-o.
sun shine-3s.AN

The sun is shining.

Olu pas-oĭa puf-i.
sun shine-PTCP be-3s.AN

The sun shone.

Olu pas-eo.
sun shine-3s.AN.PST

The sun will shine.

Olu pas-epe.
sun shine-3s.AN.FUT

The sun has been shining.

Olu pas-o iaĭ.
sun shine-3s.AN continuously

The sun is shining again.

Olu pas-o tuka.
sun shine-3s.AN again

The sun will shine tomorrow.

Olu pas-epe astoku.
sun shine.3s.AN.FUT tomorrow

The sun shines brightly.

Olu pas-o pasetu-lo.
sun shine-3s.AN bright-AUG

The bright sun shines.

Olu pasetu-lo pas-o.
sun bright-AUG shine-3s.AUG

The sun is rising now.

Olu soup-aĭa puf-i pu.
sun rise.PTCP be.3s.AN now

All the people shouted.

Uko kart́a ilon-ile.
all person shout-3PAU.AN.PST
kart́a-ńa (person-PL) can be used, too.

Some of the people shouted.

Uso kart́a ilon-ire.
Some person shout-3PAU.AN.PST
kart́a-ru (person-PAU) can be used, too.

Many of the people shouted twice.

Ańe kart́a-ru ki teto ilon-ire.
many person-PAU two instance shout-3PAU.AN.PST

Happy people often shout.

Toa kart́a-ńa ilon-oĭa tia tues-ole.
Happy person-PL shout-PTCP sometimes do.habitually-3PL.AN

The kitten jumped up.

Umili seles-oe piraĭ.
kitten jump-3s.AN.PST upwards

The kitten jumped onto the table.

Umili seles-oe sono ikireta.
kitten jump-3s.AN.PST onto table

My little kitten walked away.

O-husa umili-li ses-oe eloĭ fi-śi.
GEN-1s kitten-DIM walk-3s.AN.PST DET.this ABL-place

It's raining.

Uĭlo toon-ole.
rain come-3AN.PL

The rain came down.

Uĭlo toon-ile piruĭ.
rain come-3AN.PL.PST down

The kitten is playing in the rain.

Umili fut-i oĭl-uĭlo.
kitten play-3s.AN LOC-rain

The rain has stopped.

Uĭlo alosof-i pu.
rain stop-3s.AN now

Soon the rain will stop.

Uĭlo alosof-iu oĺa.
rain stop-3s.AN.FUT soon
Oĺa iki uĭlo alosof-iu.
soon CONJ.ADV rain stop-3s.AN.FUT

I hope the rain stops soon.

Husa siuf-e iki uĭlo alosof-iu oĺa.
PN.1s hope-1s that rain stop.3s.AN.FUT soon
husa is optional.

Once wild animals lived here.

Kala oĭoki puf-ila eloĭ oĭl-śi.
animal wild be-3s.AN.PL.PST DET.this LOC-place

Slowly she looked around.

Uĺkopa teom-io peĭalśe.
full look.3s.PST slow
Peĭalśe iki uĺkopa teom-io.
slow CONJ.ADV full look-3s.PST

Go away!

Pu puf-a eloĭ fi-śi.
now.IMP be-2s DET.this ABL-place
If pu precedes a bare verb, it denotes the imperative (command) mood.
eloĭ may be omitted if the place in question is obvious to the listener.

Let's go!

Pu aĭkuańa eloĭ fi-śi.
now.IMP 1PL.IN DET.this ABL-place
puf is optional when an affix encodes movement.

You should go.

Oap-a fi-śi.
should.do-2s ABL-place
Demonstrating how eloĭ is optional.

I will be happy to go.

Es-puf-eke eloĭ fi-śi.
BEN.FORM-be-1s.FUT DET.this ABL-place

He will arrive soon.

Puf-iu eloĭ saĭ-śi oĺa.
be-3s.FUT DET.this LAT-place soon

The baby's ball has rolled away.

Opo-seaĭ sou somus-ese fi-śi.
GEN-baby ball roll-3s.INAN.PST ABL-place

The two boys are working together.

Kulo-ki sonim-aĭa puf-iro aĭk-eloĭ-ki.
boy-DU work-PTCT be.3DU.AN COM-DET.them-DU

This mist will probably clear away.

Kusuo alosof-iu pokiko.
mist end-3s.AN.FUT probable

Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.

Suĭtu-ńa antali-lo oas-ala uko śi.
flower-PL beautiful-AUG grow-3PL.INAN all place

We should eat more slowly.

Oap-eĭ oes-oĭa peĭalśe-moĭ-o.
should-1PAU.IN eat-PTCP slow-COMP-AUG

You have come too soon.

Toon-oe puf-a oĺa takeĭ.
come.2s.PST PERF.2s soon too
When a past-tense is followed by the present-tense puf, it indicates the present perfect.

You must write more neatly.

Tuksun-oĭa saśim-a tatumo-moĭ-lo.
write.PTCP must.do-2s careful-COMP-AUG

Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.

Iam-omo siĺao-su enopo-so iki tamese śit́ami ium-omo.
seem-3s.INAN stern bow-DAT CONJ.ADV wonderful palace stand.3s.INAN
iamomo siĺaosu enoposo is a metaphor roughly meaning "as the stern is to the bow".

Henry's dog is lost.

Opo-Henry pei puf-i oĭl-topou.
GEN-Henry dog be-3s.AN LOC-unknown
puf is optional when an affix encodes location.

My cat is black.

O-husa umu puf-i uĭmu.
GEN-1s cat be-3s.AN black

The little girl's doll is broken.

Opo-kusa aki karaki etook-aĭa puf-ofo.
GEN-girl little doll break-PTCP be-3s.INAN

I usually sleep soundly.

Husa saas-oĭa tia-lo tues-e.
1s sleep-PTCP sometimes-AUG do.habitually-1s
Husa is optional, but would most likely be said here for clarity.

The children ran after Jack.

Eme-ru selek-era iuś-oĭa saĭ-Jack.
child-PAU run-3PAU.AN.PST follow-PTCP LAT-Jack

I can play after school.

Fut-oĭa pen-eke t́it́i santus-oĭa.
play.PTCP can-1s.FUT after teach-PTCP

We went to the village for a visit.

Puf-ue saĭ-toĭka um-taĭken-oĭa.
be-1DU.EX.PST LAT-village INS-visit-PTCP

We arrived at the river.

Toon-ue oĭl-ose.
arrive-1DU.EX.PST LOC-river
Using puf would translate as "we went to the river" and require the lative case.

I have been waiting for you.

Akiś-ee puf-e paĭ pepa.
wait-1s.PST PERF.1s for 2s
Es-akiś-ee puf-e.
BEN.FORM-wait-1s.PST PERF-1s
The first form would be used by a superior to an underling. The latter from an underling to a superior. In other cases, either could be used.

The campers sat around the fire.

Fin-oĭa kart́a-ru osan-ire sasapeti halo.
travel.PTCP person-PAU sit-2PAU.AN.PST around fire
Lacking a word for "camper", the language would use the type of person who would camp out: travelers.

A little girl with a kitten sat near me.

Kusa aki aĭk-umili osan-oe tasa husa.
girl little COM-kitten sit-3s.AN.PST near 1s

The child waited at the door for her father.

Eme akiś-oe oĭl-t́otoĭ paĭ o-tahi ańa.
child wait.3s.AN.PST LOC-door for GEN-3s father

Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.

Apopo iki oĭl-toĭka kusa tio-maĭ aĭoĭn-oe o-tahi umili.
Yesterday CONJ.ADV LOC-village girl old-SUPL lose-3s.AN.PST GEN-3s kitten

Were you born in this village?

Tali suaĭn-oe eloĭ oĭl-toĭka?
where born.2s.PST DET.this LOC-village
The interrogative pronoun can be omitted, with intonation alone indicating that it's a question. The pronoun always matches the information being requested.

Can your brother dance well?

Pali o-pepa akasa haĭf-i ufa?
how GEN-2s brother dance-3s well

Did the man leave?

Tali aluko eloĭ fi-śi?
where man DET.this ABL-place

Is your sister coming for you?

Pali o-husa atkao saĭ-śi paĭ pepa?
how GEN-2s sister LAT-place for you
The pronoun used can reveal why the question is being asked. Here, they are asking how you are leaving, as opposed to who you are leaving with (why not me?), when you are leaving (is it going to be a while?) or even why it's happening (is your sister making you leave?) The most polite pronoun is what, asking if the event being described will happen.

Can you come tomorrow?

Pepa salo saĭ-śi astoku?
2s what LAT-place tomorrow
The interrogative pronoun precedes a regular noun, but follows a personal pronoun.

Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?

Salo foatia-ki fi-śi paĭ tarhuĭa?
what neighbor-DU ABL-place for winter

Does the robin sing in the rain?

Salo posko-pu aĭk-palaku ia totof-ilo oĭl-uĭlo?
what bird-NOM COM-chest red sing-3AN.PL LOC-rain
When talking about a generic noun, the noun receives the basic nominative suffix without any number marker, but the verb takes the 3rd person plural. (The language lacks a word for 'robin', hence 'bird with red chest'.)

Are you going with us to the concert?

Salo pepa saĭ-teto sora aĭk-usasta?
what 2s ABL-event music COM-1PAU.EX

Have you ever travelled in the jungle?

Uli fin-oe oĭl-t́au ohla?
when travel.2s.PST LOC-forest hot
As usual, the personal pronoun is optional.

We sailed down the river for several miles.

Suik-utoĭ piruĭ ose t́it́i too-ru.
sail-1PL.EX.PST downstream river for mile-PAU

Everybody knows about hunting.

Uko kart́a aof-ilo paĭ ulan-oĭa.
All person know-3PL.AN about hunt-PTCP
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