Ancient Kartara/Verbs
Verbs are grouped into three or four categories based on their final sounds.
- Group 1 consists of verbs ending with the labial consonants p, m and f.
- Group 2 consists of the dental and retroflex consonants, but is split into two series.
- Series 2a contains s, t and n.
- Series 2b contains ś, t́ and ń.
- Group 3 consists of the velar consonants h and k.
Contents
Animations
The tables below cycle through the consonants in their groups every two seconds. Click on the checkbox by the group's name to pause that group's animation.
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Present Tense
| Singular | Dual | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (inclusive) | peo | peĭ | paĭ | |
| 1st (exclusive) | pe | puo | pae | pou |
| 2nd | pa | para | pala | |
| 2nd (formal) | pape | pareĭ | paleĭ | |
| 3rd (animate) | pi | piro | pilo | |
| 3rd (inanimate) | popo | poro | polo | |
| Singular | Dual | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (inclusive) | sio | susu | soĭ | |
| 1st (exclusive) | se | su | saĭ | suaĭ |
| 2nd | si | saro | salo | |
| 2nd (formal) | siseĭ | sareĭ | saleĭ | |
| 3rd (animate) | so | sore | sole | |
| 3rd (inanimate) | saa | sara | sala | |
| Singular | Dual | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (inclusive) | śua | śaśa | śeĭ | |
| 1st (exclusive) | śe | śu | śoĭ | śuoĭ |
| 2nd | śu | śuro | śuĺo | |
| 2nd (formal) | śuśeĭ | śureĭ | śuĺeĭ | |
| 3rd (animate) | śo | śore | śoĺe | |
| 3rd (inanimate) | śaa | śara | śaĺa | |
| Singular | Dual | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (inclusive) | hee | haĭ | huu | |
| 1st (exclusive) | he | heo | hoe | hoe |
| 2nd | ha | hara | hala | |
| 2nd (formal) | hate | hareĭ | haleĭ | |
| 3rd (animate) | ha | haro | halo | |
| 3rd (inanimate) | hiki | hiri | hili | |
Past Tense
In past and future tenses, Group 2 is no longer split into two series. However, the final l in plural endings changes to ĺ when preceded by a 2a consonant.
| Singular | Dual | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (inclusive) | peto | poĭ | puĭ | |
| 1st (exclusive) | pee | pue | pate | potu |
| 2nd | pu | puru | pulu | |
| 2nd (formal) | pupe | pureĭ | puleĭ | |
| 3rd (animate) | pio | pira | pila | |
| 3rd (inanimate) | pipi | piri | pili | |
| Singular | Dual | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (inclusive) | soo | sisu | soto | |
| 1st (exclusive) | see | sue | sati | sutoĭ |
| 2nd | soe | sure | sule | |
| 2nd (formal) | soseĭ | suroĭ | suloĭ | |
| 3rd (animate) | soe | sire | sile | |
| 3rd (inanimate) | sese | siri | sili | |
| Singular | Dual | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (inclusive) | hete | huĭ | hutu | |
| 1st (exclusive) | hii | hetu | hote | hote |
| 2nd | ho | hore | hole | |
| 2nd (formal) | hoteĭ | horeĭ | holeĭ | |
| 3rd (animate) | hio | hera | hela | |
| 3rd (inanimate) | heko | heri | heli | |
Future Tense
| Singular | Dual | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (inclusive) | peko | poki | puki | |
| 1st (exclusive) | peke | pukeĭ | pake | poku |
| 2nd | po | pere | pele | |
| 2nd (formal) | pope | peroĭ | peloĭ | |
| 3rd (animate) | piu | pura | pula | |
| 3rd (inanimate) | peĭpo | peĭro | peĭlo | |
| Singular | Dual | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (inclusive) | suku | sukoĭ | sikoĭ | |
| 1st (exclusive) | seke | sekuĭ | sapa | supu |
| 2nd | sii | soru | solu | |
| 2nd (formal) | sieĭ | soruĭ | soluĭ | |
| 3rd (animate) | sepe | seri | seli | |
| 3rd (inanimate) | suĭa | suĭra | suĭla | |
| Singular | Dual | Paucal | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (inclusive) | hepe | hoĭa | hua | |
| 1st (exclusive) | hoke | hoĭtu | hoĭta | hoĭta |
| 2nd | huku | huru | hulu | |
| 2nd (formal) | hukuĭ | huruĭ | huluĭ | |
| 3rd (animate) | hepe | heri | heli | |
| 3rd (inanimate) | huĭta | huĭra | huĭla | |
Infinitive, Gerund and Participles
When transforming a verb into a noun or adjective, the verb takes a participle suffix.
| -paĭa | |
| G2 | -soĭa |
| G3 | -kaĭa |
