Conlangs

The sun shines.

Ulu	pas-o.
sun	shine-3s.AN

The sun is shining.

Olu	puf-i	pas-oĭa.
sun	be-3s.AN	shine-PTCP

This is considered an awkward phrasing, but it can be used to emphasize the verb being turned into a participle. Ulo paso suffices for most situations.

The sun shone.

Olu	pas-eo.
sun	shine-3s.AN.PST

The sun will shine.

Olu	pas-epe.
sun	shine-3s.AN.FUT

The sun has been shining.

Olu	pas-o	iaĭ.
sun	shine-3s.AN	continuously

The sun is shining again.

Olu	pas-o	tuka.
sun	shine-3s.AN	again

The sun will shine tomorrow.

Olu	pas-epe	astoku.
sun	shine.3s.AN.FUT	tomorrow

The sun shines brightly.

Olu	pas-o	pasetu-lo.
sun	shine-3s.AN	bright-AUG

Most adjectives also function as adverbs.

The bright sun shines.

Olu	pasetu-lo	pas-o.
sun	bright-AUG	shine-3s.AUG

Ancient Kartara has a tricky adjective system, where most temporary or emotional properties precede the noun (this, 2nd, ugly) while more concrete physical properties follow it (red, old, Reemish).

The sun is rising now.

Olu	soup-i	pu.
sun	rise-3s.AN	now

All the people shouted.

Uko	kart́a	ilon-ile.
all	person	shout-3PL.AN.PST

kart́ańa (person-PL) can be used, too.

Some of the people shouted.

Uso	kart́a	ilon-ire.
Some	person	shout-3PAU.AN.PST

kart́a-ru (person-PAU) can be used, too.

Many of the people shouted twice.

Ańe	kart́a-ru	ilon-ire	ki	teto.
many	person-PAU	shout-3PAU.AN.PST	two	instance

Happy people often shout.

Toa	kart́a-ńa	tues-ole.	tia	ilon-oĭa
Happy	person-PL	do.habitually-3PL.AN	sometimes	shout-PTCP

Tues- tia (lit. "always do something, sometimes") translates to "often does" and is followed by the participle form of another verb.

The kitten jumped up.

Umili	seles-oe	piraĭ.
kitten	jump-3s.AN.PST	upwards

The kitten jumped onto the table.

Umili	seles-oe	sono	ikireta.
kitten	jump-3s.AN.PST	onto	table

The (ab)lative case is not needed when a preposition encodes movement.

My little kitten walked away.

Op-usa	umili-li	ses-oe	eloĭ	fi-śi.
GEN-1s	kitten-DIM	walk-3s.AN.PST	DET.this	ABL-place

It's raining.

Uĭlo	toon-ole.
rain	come-3PL.AN

The rain came down.

Uĭlo	toon-ile	piruĭ.
rain	come-3PL.AN.PST	down

The kitten is playing in the rain.

Umili	puf-i	fut-oĭa	oĭl-uĭlo.
kitten	be-3s.AN	play-PTCP	LOC-rain

The rain has stopped.

Uĭlo	asam-i	pu.
rain	stop-3s.AN	now

Soon the rain will stop.

Uĭlo	asam-iu	oĺa.
rain	stop-3s.AN.FUT	soon

Oĺa	iki	uĭlo	asam-iu.
soon	CONJ.ADV	rain	stop-3s.AN.FUT

Iki can be used to front an adverbial clause, as in the second example.

I hope the rain stops soon.

Husa	siuf-e	iki	uĭlo	asam-iu	oĺa.
1s	hope-1s	that	rain	stop.3s.AN.FUT	soon

Husa is optional.

Once wild animals lived here.

Kala	oĭoki	puf-ila	eloĭ	oĭl-śi.
animal	wild	be-3PL.AN.PST	DET.this	LOC-place

Slowly she looked around.

Uĺkopa	teom-io	peĭaĺśe.
full	look.3s.PST	slow

Peĭaĺśe	iki	uĺkopa	teom-io.
slow	CONJ.ADV	full	look-3s.PST

Go away!

Pu	puf-a	eloĭ	fi-śi.
now.IMP	be-2s	DET.this	ABL-place

If pu precedes a bare verb, it denotes the imperative (command) mood.

Eloĭ may be omitted if the place in question is obvious to the listener.

Let's go!

Pu	aĭkuańa	eloĭ	fi-śi.
now.IMP	1PL.IN	DET.this	ABL-place

Puf is optional when an affix encodes movement.

You should go.

Oap-a	fi-śi.
should.do-2s	ABL-place

Demonstrating how eloĭ is optional.

I will be happy to go.

Es-puf-eke	eloĭ	fi-śi.
BEN.FORM-be-1s.FUT	DET.this	ABL-place

He will arrive soon.

Puf-iu	eloĭ	saĭ-śi	oĺa.
be-3s.FUT	DET.this	LAT-place	soon

The baby's ball has rolled away.

Opo-seaĭ	sou	somus-ese	fi-śi.
GEN-baby	ball	roll-3s.INAN.PST	ABL-place

The two boys are working together.

Kulo-ki	sonim-aĭa	puf-iro	aĭk-eloĭ-ki.
boy-DU	work-PTCP	be.3DU.AN	COM-DET.them-DU

This mist will probably clear away.

Kusuo	asam-iu	pokiko.
mist	end-3s.AN.FUT	probable

Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.

Suĭtu-ńa	antali-lo	oas-ala	uko	śi.
flower-PL	beautiful-AUG	grow-3PL.INAN	all	place

We should eat more slowly.

Oap-eĭ	oes-oĭa	peĭaĺśe-moĭ-o.
should-1PAU.IN	eat-PTCP	slow-COMP-AUG

You have come too soon.

Toon-oe	puf-a	takeĭ	oĺa.
come.2s.PST	PERF.2s	too	soon

When a past-tense verb is followed by the present-tense puf, it indicates the present perfect.

You must write more neatly.

Saśim-a	tuksun-oĭa	tatumo-moĭ-lo.
must.do-2s	write.PTCP	careful-COMP-AUG

Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.

Iam-omo	siĺao-su	enopo-so	iki	tamese	śit́ami	ium-omo.
seem-3s.INAN	stern	bow-DAT	CONJ.ADV	wonderful	palace	stand.3s.INAN

iamomo siĺaosu enoposo is a metaphor roughly meaning "as the stern is to the bow".

Henry's dog is lost.

Opo-Henry	pei	puf-i	oĭl-topou.
GEN-Henry	dog	be-3s.AN	LOC-unknown

Puf is optional when an affix encodes location.

My cat is black.

Op-usa	umu	puf-i	uĭmu.
GEN-1s	cat	be-3s.AN	black

The little girl's doll is broken.

Opo-kusa	aki	karaki	ekaf-aĭa	puf-ofo.
GEN-girl	little	doll	break-PTCP	be-3s.INAN

People and other animate objects don't use the -li or -lo suffixes to denote size.

I usually sleep soundly.

Husa	tues-e	tia-lo	saas-oĭa.
1s	do.habitually-1s	sometimes-AUG	sleep-PTCP

Husa is optional, but would most likely be said here for clarity. Augmenting tia turns tues- tia from "often" to "usually".

The children ran after Jack.

Eme-ru	selek-era	iuś-oĭa	saĭ-Jack.
child-PAU	run-3PAU.AN.PST	follow-PTCP	LAT-Jack

I can play after school.

Fut-oĭa	pen-eke	t́it́i	santus-oĭa.
play.PTCP	can-1s.FUT	after	teach-PTCP

We went to the village for a visit.

Puf-ue	saĭ-toĭka	um-taĭken-oĭa.
be-1DU.EX.PST	LAT-village	INS-visit-PTCP

We arrived at the river.

Toon-ue	oĭl-ose.
arrive-1DU.EX.PST	LOC-river

Using puf would translate as "we went to the river" and require the lative case.

I have been waiting for you.

Akiś-ee	puf-e	paĭ	pepa.
wait-1s.PST	PERF.1s	for	2s

Es-akiś-ee	puf-e.
BEN.FORM-wait-1s.PST	PERF-1s

The first form would be used by a superior to an underling. The latter from an underling to a superior. In other cases, either could be used.

The campers sat around the fire.

Fin-oĭa	kart́a-ru	osan-ire	sasapeti	halo.
travel.PTCP	person-PAU	sit-2PAU.AN.PST	around	fire

Lacking a word for "camper", the language would use the type of person who would camp out: travelers.

A little girl with a kitten sat near me.

Kusa	aki	aĭk-umili	osan-oe	tasa	husa.
girl	little	COM-kitten	sit-3s.AN.PST	near	1s

The child waited at the door for her father.

Eme	akiś-oe	oĭl-t́otoĭ	paĭ	o-tahi	ańa.
child	wait.3s.AN.PST	LOC-door	for	GEN-3s	father

Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.

Apopo	iki	oĭl-toĭka	kusa	tio-maĭ	aĭoĭn-oe	o-tahi	umili.
Yesterday	CONJ.ADV	LOC-village	girl	old-SUPL	lose-3s.AN.PST	GEN-3s	kitten

Were you born in this village?

Tali	suaĭn-oe	eloĭ	oĭl-toĭka?
where	born.2s.PST	DET.this	LOC-village

The interrogative pronoun can be omitted, with intonation alone indicating that it's a question. The pronoun always matches the information being requested.

Can your brother dance well?

Pali	o-pepa	akasa	haĭf-i	ufa?
how	GEN-2s	brother	dance-3s	well

Did the man leave?

Tali	aluko	eloĭ	fi-śi?
where	man	DET.this	ABL-place

Is your sister coming for you?

Pali	o-pepa	akasa	saĭ-śi	paĭ	pepa?
how	GEN-2s	sister	LAT-place	for	you

The pronoun used can reveal why the question is being asked. Here, they are asking how you are leaving, as opposed to who you are leaving with (why not me?), when you are leaving (is it going to be a while?) or even why it's happening (is your sister making you leave?) The most polite pronoun is what, asking if the event being described will happen.

Can you come tomorrow?

Pepa	salo	saĭ-śi	astoku?
2s	what	LAT-place	tomorrow

The interrogative pronoun precedes a regular noun, but follows a personal pronoun.

Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?

Salo	foatia-ki	fi-śi	paĭ	tarhuĭa?
what	neighbor-DU	ABL-place	for	winter

Does the robin sing in the rain?

Salo	posko-pu	si	palaku	ia	totof-ilo	oĭl-uĭlo?
what	bird-NOM	with	chest	red	sing-3PL.AN	LOC-rain

When talking about a generic noun, the noun receives -pu without any number marker, but the verb takes the 3rd person plural. (The language lacks a word for 'robin', hence 'bird with red chest'.) This becomes optional when the genericness is implied via quantity adjectives like 'all' or 'many'.

Are you going with us to the concert?

Pepa	salo	saĭ-teto	sora	si	huru?
2s	what	ABL-event	music	with	1PAU.EX

Have you ever travelled in the jungle?

Uli	fin-oe	oĭl-t́au	tinta?
when	travel.2s.PST	LOC-forest	hot

As usual, the personal pronoun is optional.

We sailed down the river for several miles.

Suik-utoĭ	piruĭ	ose	t́it́i	too-ru.
sail-1PL.EX.PST	downstream	river	for	mile-PAU

Everybody knows about hunting.

Uko	kart́a	aof-ilo	paĭ	ulan-oĭa.
All	person	know-3PL.AN	about	hunt-PTCP

On a sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.

Oĭl-toso	olu-lo	t́it́i	aakulo	iki	utis-ati	saĭ-ome-ńa.
LOC-morning	sun-AUG	after	summer.solstice	CONJ.ADV	start-1PAU.EX.PST	LAT-mountain-PL

Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.

Tom	iah-io	paĭ	opo-kala	satuĭke-ru.
Tom	laugh-3s.AN.PST	at	GEN-land.animal	game-PAU

An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.

Aluko	tio	aĭk-sestaka	ium-io	oplo	t́at́io
man	old	COM-walking.stick	stand-3s.AN.PST	beside	fence

Si sestaka is also acceptable, as "man" and "walking stick" don't share the same animacy. However, the comitative prefix is used due to the man being inseparable from the walking stick.

The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.

Op-iuĭt́io	pikaĭla	aĺas-ese	um-atofa-pu	śuim-aĭa.
GEN-squirrel	nest	hide.3s.INAN.PST	INS-branch-NOM	go.down-PTCP

The -pu suffix is used for passive-voice constructions such as the above to mark the agent. Alternately or additionally, nest could be marked with the suffix -su to mark the patient.

The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.

Sea-ńa	aki	akiś-ili	toĺo	keĭa	pakasa	paĭ	ulu	enatoĭ	taoto.
seed-PL	little	wait-3PL.INAN.PST	patiently	under	snow	for	sun	spring	warm

Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.

Ańe	kusa-ńa	aki	aĭk-kat́asuĭtu	sono	śaa	haĭf-ila	sasapeti	haloeteo.
many	girl-PL	little	COM-wreath.of.flowers	on top	head	dance-3PL.AN	around	bonfire

The cover of the basket fell to the floor.

Op-atkao	onipsa	uis-ese	saĭ-tekeĭa.
GEN-basket	cover	fall.3s.IN.PST	LAT-floor

The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.

Huka	kulo	oĭl-tupaĭa	akiś-oe	oĭl-saĭ-potus.
first	boy	LOC-line	stop-3s.AN.PST	LOC-LAT-place

On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.

Oĭl-upire-lo	sono	t́o	iki	puf-io	atipa	asuka-pu	tio.
LOC-house-DIM	on.top.of	hill	CONJ.ADV	be-3s.AN.PST	wise	woman-NOM	old

During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.

Oĭl-puf-ue	oĭl-tusuo-ńa	iki	tues-ue	tia	ses-oĭa	oĭl-aulnuu-ńa.
LOC-be.1DU.EX.PST	LOC-farm-PL	CONJ.ADV	do.habitually-1DU.EX.PST	sometimes	walk-PTCP	LOC-pasture-PL

When will your guests from the city arrive?

Uli	op-esa	torteno-ru	eloĭ	saĭ-śi	iki	fi-toĭka-lo?
when	GEN-2s.FORM	guest-PAU	this	GEN-place	that.are	ABL-town-AUG

Interrogative pronouns do not precede possessive pronouns.

Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.

Op-ose	oĭl-pai	tasa	iki	o-tahi	finiśi	atań-o	poto	saĭ-kuĭu.
GEN-river	LOC-mouth	near	CONJ.ADV	GEN-3s.AN	course	turn-3s.AN	sharp	LAT-east

Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.

T́afoa	ome-ki	isea	iki	hapitutaĭ	kirampati	kam-imi.
between	mountain-DU	lofty	CONJ.ADV	fertile	valley	be.3s.INAN.PST

Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.

Oĭl-puĭtia	iki	seĭo-ńa	ia	isea	oas-ili.
LOC-wheat	CONJ.ADV	poppy-PL	red	tall	grow-3PL.INAN.PST

The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.

Opo-t́ukea-ńa	koĭmeĭ	taĭuse-ńa-su	sukeĭn -ili	fi-t́ala.
GEN-oak-PL	strong	root-PL-DAT	tear.3PL.INAN.PST	ABL-ground

A sentence without an agent uses the patient suffix -su to show the passive voice.

The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.

Ulu	teom-io	piruĭ	foĭ-atofa-ru	sono	fut-oĭa	eme-ru.
Sun	look-3s.AN.PST	down	PER-branch-PAU	upon	play-PTCP	child-PAU

The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.

Koa	okuĭ	ataf-io	op-usa	foĭ-śari	oke	as-aleĭso	teĭoś-oĭa.
west	wind	blow-3s.INAN.PST	GEN-1s	PER-face	like	ADJZ-friend	caress-PTCP

The as- prefix attaches to a noun and creates an adjective meaning something like or akin to the base noun. It isn't necessary when forming adjectives, but is required when a noun becomes an adverb.

The spool of thread rolled across the floor.

Opuo	ati	suo	somus-ese	foĭ-tekeĭa.
spool	of	thread	roll-3s.INAN.PST	PER-floor

Ati, a shortening of "carry" or "hold", can easily be replaced by treating the second noun as a qualitative adjective: suo opuo.

A box of growing plants stood in the Window.

Tatoimo	ati	oas-oĭa	oĭomo-ru	osan-oe	oĭl-ako.
box	of	grow-PTCP	plant-PAU	sit-3s.INAN.PST	LOC-window

Large objects like houses stand. Smaller objects only sit.

I am very happy.

Puf-e	toa-lo.
be-1s	happy-AUG

These oranges are juicy.

Eloĭ	tao-ru	śaĭsu	tafem-oro	uĭtamu-lo.
this	fruit-PAU	brown/orange	have.3PAU.INAN	juice-AUG

Sea water is salty.

Uĭtese	tafem-omo	se.
Saltwater	have-3PAU.INAN	salt

The word for saltwater is also used for the ocean. The difference is that the ocean takes the animate gender!

The streets are full of people.

Oset́ala-ńa	puf-ilo	kart́a-ńa	uĺkopa.
street-PL	be.3PL.AN	person-PL	full

The word for street is based on the word for river, and therefore takes its animate gender. Uĺkopa ati kart́ańa is also acceptable for "full of people".

Sugar tastes sweet.

Tipaĭ	soĭs-o	pupaĭ.
sugar	taste-3s.INAN	sweet

The fire feels hot.

Halo	tafem-i	tinta.
fire	has-3s.AN	hot

"Feel" in this context usually translates as "have".

The little girl seemed lonely.

Kusa	aki	iam-io	hulo.
girl	little	seem-3s.AN.PST	lonely

The little boy's father had once been a sailor.

Opo-kulo	aki	ańa	kam-io	puf-io	omo-suik-aĭa.
GEN-boy	little	father	be-3s.AN.PST	PERF-3s.AN.PST	NMZ-sail-PTCP

When a past-tense verb is followed by the past-tense puf, it indicates the past perfect.

I have lost my blanket.

Aĭoĭn-ee	puf-e	op-usa	aĭot́a.
lose-1s.PST	PERF-1s	GEN-1s	blanket

A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.

Posko	si	palaku	ia	tiś-oe	o-tahi	oĭl-t́io	hisi.
bird	with	chest	red	make-3s.AN.PST	GEN-3s.AN	LOC-tree	apple

At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.

Oĭl-tisia	iki	oes-ue	op-uki	tielasa	oplo	hiat́ala.
LOC-noon	CONJ.ADV	eat-1DU.EX.PST	GEN-1DU.EX	lunch	by	roadside

Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.

Emokefe	Jones	tiś-oe	op-empi	es-kulo	aki	tiaĭ.
Mr	Jones	make-3s.AN.PST	GEN-3s.AN.FORM	BEN-boy	little	knife

A benefactive precedes the noun it modifies.

Their voices sound very happy.

O-tasaru	inaĭo-ru	ion-ire	toa-lo.
GEN-3PAU.AN	voice-PAU	seem-3PAU.AN.PST	happy-AUG

Is today Monday?

Uli	apape	kam-i	Monday?
when	today	be-3s.AN	Monday?

I don't have words for days of the week just yet.

Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?

Uko	tano	uis-ala	puf-olo	fi-t́io?
All	leaf	fall-3PL.INAN.PST	PERF-3PL.INAN	ABL-tree

Will you be ready on time?

Uli	puf-u	puf-o	taśo	oĭl-t́aĭ?
when	be-2s.PST	PERF-2s.FUT	ready	LOC-correct

When a past-tense verb is followed by the future-tense puf, it indicates the future perfect. (Yes, even when the other verb is also puf!) Oĭlt́aĭ, literally "in the time or place of correctness", is used to mean both "on time" and "in the right place".

Will you send this message for me?

Seĭoń-e	ikeuk-uku	eloĭ	karau?
request-1s	send-2s.FUT	this	message

Seĭoń indicates the action requested is for the speaker, unless specified otherwise immediately afterward (such as, "Seĭońo esBob ikeukuku eloĭ karau?", which would indicate the request is from Bob). The following verb is almost always in future-tense, though it might be in present-tense if the request is an immediate command.

Are you waiting for me?

Puf-afe	akiś-oĭa	paĭ	husa?
be-2s.FORM	wait-PTCP	for	1s

Is this the first kitten of the litter?

Kam-i	eloĭ	huka	umili	uso	asasa?
be-3s.INAN	this	first	kitten	of	litter

Are these shoes too big for you?

Eloĭ	sauĭ-ki	kam-a	takeĭ	aluĭ	paĭ	pepa?
this	shoe-DU	be-2s	too.much	big	for	2s

As an opinion, takeĭ always precedes the word it modifies, even when it's an adjective.

How wide is the River?

Salo	toaĭ	oĭl-ose	kam-i?
what	width	LOC-river	be-3s.AN

Listen.

Pu	ioĭs-i.
now.IMP	listen-2s

Sit here by me.

Pu	osan-i	śi	oplo	husa.
now.IMP	sit-2s	place	by	me

Keep this secret until tomorrow.

Eloĭ	kaman-i	puf-aĭa	impolo	aani	astoku.
this	keep-2s	be-PTCP	secret	until	tomorrow

Pu can be omitted for polite requests and when the context makes the imperative mood obvious.

Come with us.

Pu	fin-i	si	huru.
now.IMP	go-2s	with	COM-1PAU.EX

Bring your friends with you.

Pepa	aĭk-aleĭso-ru	saĭ-śi.
2s	COM-friend-PAU	LAT-place

Be careful.

Pu	aeń-u	tatumo.
now.IMP	care-2s	carefully

Have some tea.

Aiś-e	pefaĭ-ru.
offer-1s	tea-PAU

The plural is often used as a shorthand for the entirety of something, with the paucal denoting a portion of that. Uso pefaĭ is also acceptable. If the subject of the offer isn't clear from the context, the correct pronoun (or name) can be prepended before the verb.

Pip and his dog were great friends.

Pip	aĭ	o-tahi	pei	kam-uru	ufa-lo	aleĭso-ki.
Pip	and	GEN-3s	dog	be-3DU.PST	good-AUG	friend-DU

It is common to use kam instead of puf to denote the permanence of the friendship.

John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.

John	aĭ	Elizabeth	kam-ara	akasa-ki.
John	and	Elizabeth	be-3DU	sibling-DU

You and I will go together.

Aĭkuki	fin-ekuĭ.
1DU.IN	go-1DU.IN.FUT

Pepa aĭkusa finekuĭ is also acceptable, denoting separateness before joining together.

They opened all the doors and windows.

Kukof-ira	uko	t́otoĭ-ńa	aĭ	ako-ńa.
open-3PAU.PST	all	door-PL	and	window-PL

The plural markers are optional (or might be traded for paucal or dual suffixes).

He is small, but strong.

Kam-a	aki,	ieĭ	koĭmeĭ.
be-3s	small	but	strong

Is this tree an oak or a maple?

Salo	t́io	kam-omo	t́ukea	a	t́uśaĭ?
what	tree	be-3s.INAN	oak	or	maple

Does the sky look blue or gray?

Kompu	iam-i	tioto	a	oksomse?
sky	seem-3s.AN	cyan.blue	or	gray

Takuni is a dark shade of blue, like navy or cobalt. Tioto is lighter, like cyan or sky blue. Note that the sky is considered animate.

Come with your father or mother.

Pu	toon-ii	o-pepa	aĭk-ańa	o	aĭk-aorma.
IMP	come-2s.FUT	GEN-2s	COM-father	or	COM-mother

The possessive pronoun can be distributed across and/or clauses, or you can apply it to both nouns separately: opepa aĭkańa o opepa aĭkaorma.

I am tired, but very happy.

Puf-e	aĺpa,	ieĭ	toa-lo.
be-1s	tired	but	happy-AUG.

He played a tune on his wonderful flute.

Touĭn-oe	sorio	tamese	umu-tiatei.
play-3s.AN.PST	tune	wonderful	INS-flute

Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.

Oĭl-asam-aĭa	paĭ	August	iki	paso-ńa	oak-alo	takeĭ.
LOC-stop-PTCP	for	August	CONJ.ADV	day-PL	shrink-3PL.INAN	much

A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.

Haokarśiso	aĭkses-oe	foĭ-t́o	aĭ	foĭ-tite.
company.of.soldiers	march-3s.PST	PER-hill	and	PER-meadow

Note that haokarśiso is considered singular.

The first part of the story is very interesting.

Huka	om-uso	ta	koĭasu	kam-omo	uĭlsi-lo.
first	NMZ-part	in	story	be-3s.INAN	interesting-AUG

The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.

Aheu	śuĭrim-io	uso	t́akoa-li	saĭ-tatio	aĭ	śaĭrim-io	uĭte	saĭ-kata	piraĭ.
crow	drop-3s.PST	some	rock-DIM	LAT-pitcher	and	raise-3s.PST	water	LAT-edge	upper

The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.

Seaĭ	talus-oe	aĭ	iah-io	si	toa-lo.
baby	clap-3s.AN.PST	and	laugh-3s.AN.PST	with	happy-AUG