The apple is red.
| Hisi
|
kam-omo
|
ia.
|
| apple
|
be-3s.INAN
|
red
|
It is John's apple.
| Puf-ofo
|
op-Iono
|
hisi.
|
| be-3s.INAN
|
GEN-John
|
apple
|
I give John the apple.
| Ket-e
|
hisi
|
sol-Iono.
|
| give-1s
|
apple
|
DAT-John
|
We want to give him the apple.
He gives it to John.
She gives it to him.
The sun shines.
| Ulu
|
pas-o.
|
| sun
|
shine-3s.AN
|
The sun is shining.
| Olu
|
puf-i
|
pas-oĭa.
|
| sun
|
be-3s.AN
|
shine-PTCP
|
The sun shone.
The sun will shine.
The sun has been shining.
| When a past-tense verb is followed by the present-tense puf, it indicates the present perfect. When both verbs are puf, it's indicative of the progressive tense, as well.
|
The sun is shining again.
| Olu
|
puf-i
|
tuka
|
pas-oĭa.
|
| sun
|
be-3s.AN
|
again
|
shine-PTCP
|
The sun will shine tomorrow.
| Olu
|
pas-epe
|
astoku.
|
| sun
|
shine.3s.AN.FUT
|
tomorrow
|
The sun shines brightly.
| Olu
|
pas-o
|
pasetu.
|
| sun
|
shine-3s.AN
|
bright
|
| Most adjectives also function as adverbs.
|
The bright sun shines.
| Olu
|
pasetu
|
pas-o.
|
| sun
|
bright
|
shine-3s.AN
|
| Ancient Kartara has a tricky adjective system, where most temporary or emotional properties precede the noun (this, 2nd, ugly) while more concrete physical properties follow it (red, old, Reemish).
|
The sun is rising now.
| Olu
|
puf-i
|
pu
|
soup-aĭa.
|
| sun
|
be-3s.AN
|
now
|
rise-PTCP
|
All the people shouted.
| Uko
|
kart́a
|
ilon-ile.
|
| all
|
person
|
shout-3PL.AN.PST
|
| kart́ańa (person-PL) can be used, too.
|
Some of the people shouted.
| Uso
|
kart́a
|
ilon-ire.
|
| Some
|
person
|
shout-3PAU.AN.PST
|
| kart́a-ru (person-PAU) can be used, too.
|
Many of the people shouted twice.
| Ańe
|
kart́a-ru
|
ilon-ire
|
ki
|
teto.
|
| many
|
person-PAU
|
shout-3PAU.AN.PST
|
two
|
instance
|
Happy people often shout.
| Toa
|
kart́a-ńa-pu
|
tia
|
tues-ole.
|
ilon-oĭa
|
| Happy
|
person-PL-INDF
|
sometimes
|
do.habitually-3PL.AN
|
shout-PTCP
|
| Tia tues- (lit. "always do something, sometimes") translates to "often does" and is followed by the participle form of another verb.
|
The kitten jumped up.
| Umati
|
seles-oe
|
piraĭ.
|
| kitten
|
jump-3s.AN.PST
|
upwards
|
The kitten jumped onto the table.
| Umati
|
seles-oe
|
sono
|
ikireta.
|
| kitten
|
jump-3s.AN.PST
|
onto
|
table
|
| The (ab)lative case is not needed when a preposition encodes movement.
|
My little kitten walked away.
| Op-usa
|
umati
|
aki
|
ses-oe
|
eloĭ
|
fi-śi.
|
| GEN-1s
|
kitten
|
little
|
walk-3s.AN.PST
|
DET.this
|
ABL-place
|
It's raining.
| Uĭlo
|
toon-ole.
|
| rain
|
come-3PL.AN
|
The rain came down.
| Uĭlo
|
toon-ile
|
piruĭ.
|
| rain
|
come-3PL.AN.PST
|
down
|
The kitten is playing in the rain.
| umati
|
puf-i
|
fut-oĭa
|
oĭl-uĭlo.
|
| kitten
|
be-3s.AN
|
play-PTCP
|
LOC-rain
|
The rain has stopped.
Soon the rain will stop.
| Uĭlo
|
asam-iu
|
oĺa.
|
| rain
|
stop-3s.AN.FUT
|
soon
|
| Iki can be used to front an adverbial clause, as in the second example.
|
I hope the rain stops soon.
| Husa
|
siuf-e
|
iki
|
uĭlo
|
asam-iu
|
oĺa.
|
| 1s
|
hope-1s
|
that
|
rain
|
stop.3s.AN.FUT
|
soon
|
| Iki introduces a subordinate clause.
|
Once wild animals lived here.
| The indefinite suffix is mandatory when no amount is indicated.
|
Slowly she looked around.
| Uĺkopa
|
teom-io
|
peĭaĺśe
|
oĭl-empi.
|
| completely
|
look.3s.PST
|
slow
|
LOC-3s.AN
|
| Teom is a transitive verb, requiring a second argument.
|
Go away!
| If pu precedes a bare verb, it denotes the imperative (command) mood.
|
| Eloĭ may be omitted if the place in question is obvious to the listener.
|
Let's go!
| Puf is optional when an affix encodes movement.
|
You should go.
| Oap-a
|
fi-śi.
|
| should.do-2s
|
ABL-place
|
| Demonstrating how eloĭ is optional.
|
I will be happy to go.
He will arrive soon.
| Puf-iu
|
eloĭ
|
saĭ-śi
|
oĺa.
|
| be-3s.FUT
|
DET.this
|
LAT-place
|
soon
|
The baby's ball has rolled away.
The two boys are working together.
This mist will probably clear away.
| Eloĭ
|
kusuo
|
asam-iu
|
pokiko.
|
| DET.this
|
mist
|
end-3s.AN.FUT
|
probable
|
Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
We should eat more slowly.
You have come too soon.
You must write more neatly.
| Saśim-a
|
tuksun-oĭa
|
tatu-moĭ-lo.
|
| must.do-2s
|
write.PTCP
|
careful-COMP-AUG
|
Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
| Iamomo siĺao fienopo is a metaphor roughly meaning "as the stern is from the bow".
|
Henry's dog is lost.
| Opo-Henri
|
pei
|
puf-i
|
topou.
|
| GEN-Henry
|
dog
|
be-3s.AN
|
lost
|
| Opo-Henri
|
pei
|
oĭl-topouśi.
|
| GEN-Henry
|
dog
|
LOC-unknown.location.on.land
|
| Puf is optional when an affix encodes location.
|
My cat is black.
| Op-usa
|
umu
|
puf-i
|
uĭmu.
|
| GEN-1s
|
cat
|
be-3s.AN
|
black
|
The little girl's doll is broken.
| Opo-kusa
|
aki
|
karaki
|
puf-ofo
|
ekafeso.
|
| GEN-girl
|
little
|
doll
|
be-3s.INAN
|
broken
|
I usually sleep soundly.
| Husa
|
tia-lo
|
tues-e
|
ufa
|
saas-oĭa.
|
| 1s
|
sometimes-AUG
|
do.habitually-1s
|
well
|
sleep-PTCP
|
| Husa is optional, but would most likely be said here for clarity. Augmenting tia turns tia tues- from "often" to "usually".
|
The children ran after Jack.
| Eme-ru
|
iuśu
|
selek-era
|
saĭ-Iaka.
|
| child-PAU
|
followingly
|
run-3PAU.AN.PST
|
LAT-Jack
|
I can play after school.
We went to the village for a visit.
We arrived at the river.
| Using puf would translate as "we went to the river" and require the lative case.
|
I have been waiting for you.
| The first form would be used by a superior to an underling. The latter from an underling to a superior. In other cases, either could be used.
|
The campers sat around the fire.
| Fin-oĭno-ru
|
osan-ire
|
kat́oĭa
|
halo.
|
| travel-NMLZ-PAU
|
sit-2PAU.AN.PST
|
around
|
fire
|
A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
The child waited at the door for her father.
| Eme
|
akiś-oe
|
oĭl-t́otoĭ
|
paĭ
|
o-tahi
|
ańa.
|
| child
|
wait.3s.AN.PST
|
LOC-door
|
for
|
GEN-3s
|
father
|
Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
Were you born in this village?
| Tali
|
es-oe
|
seat-oĭa
|
eloĭ
|
oĭl-toĭka?
|
| where
|
do-2s.PST
|
birth-PTCP
|
DET.this
|
LOC-village
|
| The interrogative pronoun can be omitted, with intonation alone indicating that it's a question. The pronoun always matches the information being requested.
|
Can your brother dance well?
| Pali
|
o-pepa
|
akasa
|
haĭf-i
|
ufa?
|
| how
|
GEN-2s
|
brother
|
dance-3s
|
well
|
Did the man leave?
| Tali
|
aluko
|
eloĭ
|
fi-śi?
|
| where
|
man
|
DET.this
|
ABL-place
|
Is your sister coming for you?
| Pali
|
o-pepa
|
akasa
|
saĭ-śi
|
paĭ
|
pepa?
|
| how
|
GEN-2s
|
sister
|
LAT-place
|
for
|
you
|
| The pronoun used can reveal why the question is being asked. Here, they are asking how you are leaving, as opposed to who you are leaving with (why not me?), when you are leaving (is it going to be a while?) or even why it's happening (is your sister making you leave?) The most polite pronoun is taa, asking for a simple yes/no answer.
|
Can you come tomorrow?
| Pepa
|
taa
|
saĭ-śi
|
astoku?
|
| 2s
|
yes/no
|
LAT-place
|
tomorrow
|
| The interrogative pronoun precedes a regular noun, but follows a personal pronoun.
|
Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
| Taa
|
foatia-ki
|
fi-śi
|
paĭ
|
tarhuĭa?
|
| yes/no
|
neighbor-DU
|
ABL-place
|
for
|
winter
|
Does the robin sing in the rain?
| Taa
|
posko-pu
|
si
|
palaku
|
ia
|
totof-ilo
|
oĭl-uĭlo?
|
| yes/no
|
bird-INDF
|
with
|
chest
|
red
|
sing-3PL.AN
|
LOC-rain
|
| When talking about a generic noun, the noun receives -pu without any number marker, but the verb takes the 3rd person plural with the proper animacy. (The language lacks a word for 'robin', hence 'bird with red chest'.) This becomes optional when the genericness is implied via quantity adjectives like 'all' or 'many'.
|
Are you going with us to the concert?
| Pepa
|
taa
|
saĭ-teto
|
sora
|
si
|
huru?
|
| 2s
|
yes/no
|
ABL-event
|
music
|
with
|
1PAU.EX
|
Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
| Uli
|
fin-oe
|
oĭl-t́au
|
tinta?
|
| when
|
travel.2s.PST
|
LOC-forest
|
hot
|
| As usual, the personal pronoun is optional.
|
We sailed down the river for several miles.
| Suik-utoĭ
|
piruĭ
|
ose
|
paĭ
|
foĭ-too-ru.
|
| sail-1PL.EX.PST
|
downstream
|
river
|
for
|
PER-mile-PAU
|
| Paĭ, when paired with the perlative case, indicates a range of time or distance.
|
Everybody knows about hunting.
| Uko
|
kart́a
|
aof-ilo
|
paĭ
|
ulanafo.
|
| All
|
person
|
know-3PL.AN
|
about
|
hunting
|
On a sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
| Tom
|
iah-io
|
paĭ
|
opo-kala
|
satuĭke-ru.
|
| Tom
|
laugh-3s.AN.PST
|
at
|
GEN-land.animal
|
game-PAU
|
An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
| Aluko-pu
|
tio
|
aĭk-sestaka-pu
|
ium-io
|
oplo
|
t́at́io
|
| man-INDF
|
old
|
COM-walking.stick-INDF
|
stand-3s.AN.PST
|
beside
|
fence
|
| Si sestaka is also acceptable, as "man" and "walking stick" don't share the same animacy. However, the comitative prefix is used due to the man being inseparable from the walking stick.
|
The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
| Op-iuĭt́io
|
pikaĭla
|
es-ese
|
aĺas-oĭa
|
um-atofa
|
śuimu.
|
| GEN-squirrel
|
nest
|
do-3s.INAN.PST
|
hide-PTCP
|
INS-branch
|
drooping
|
| Es is used for passive-voice constructions such as the above, similar to how English uses "to be". Es takes the active conjugation while the passive verb takes the participle form.
|
The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
| Sea-ńa
|
aki
|
akiś-ili
|
toĺo
|
keĭa
|
pakasa
|
paĭ
|
ulu
|
enatoĭ-kopa
|
taoto.
|
| seed-PL
|
little
|
wait-3PL.INAN.PST
|
patiently
|
under
|
snow
|
for
|
sun
|
spring-ADJZ
|
warm
|
Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
| Ańe
|
kusa-ńa
|
aki
|
si
|
kat́usuĭtu
|
oĭl-śaa
|
haĭf-ila
|
kat́oĭa
|
foĭ-haleto.
|
| many
|
girl-PL
|
little
|
with
|
wreath.of.flowers
|
LOC-head
|
dance-3PL.AN
|
around
|
PER-bonfire
|
The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
| Op-atkao
|
onipsa
|
uis-ese
|
saĭ-tekeĭa.
|
| GEN-basket
|
cover
|
fall.3s.IN.PST
|
LAT-floor
|
The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
| Huka
|
kulo
|
oĭl-tupaĭa
|
akiś-oe
|
oĭl-kukusiśi.
|
| first
|
boy
|
LOC-line
|
stop-3s.AN.PST
|
LOC-entrance
|
On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
| Oĭl-upire-pu
|
aki
|
sono
|
t́o
|
iki
|
es-oe
|
puf-aĭa
|
atipa
|
asuka-pu
|
tio.
|
| LOC-house-INDF
|
little
|
on.top.of
|
hill
|
CONJ.ADV
|
do-3s.AN.PST
|
be-PTCP
|
wise
|
woman-INDF
|
old
|
During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
When will your guests from the city arrive?
| Uli
|
op-esa
|
torteno-ru
|
kafi-toĭketo
|
eloĭ
|
saĭ-śi?
|
| when
|
GEN-2s.FORM
|
guest-PAU
|
ADJZ.coming.from-city
|
this
|
LAT-place
|
Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
| Op-ose
|
oĭl-pai
|
tasa
|
iki
|
o-tahi
|
finiśi
|
atań-o
|
poto
|
saĭ-kuĭu.
|
| GEN-river
|
LOC-mouth
|
near
|
CONJ.ADV
|
GEN-3s.AN
|
course
|
turn-3s.AN
|
sharp
|
LAT-east
|
Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
| T́afoa
|
ome-ki
|
isea
|
iki
|
hapitutaĭ
|
kirampati-pu
|
kam-imi.
|
| between
|
mountain-DU
|
lofty
|
CONJ.ADV
|
fertile
|
valley-INDF
|
be.3s.INAN.PST
|
Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
| Opo-t́ukea-ńa
|
koĭmeĭ
|
taĭuse-ńa
|
es-ili
|
sukeĭn -oĭa
|
fi-t́ala.
|
| GEN-oak-PL
|
strong
|
root-PL
|
do-3PL.INAN.PST
|
tear-PTCP
|
ABL-ground
|
The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
| Ulu
|
teom-io
|
piruĭ
|
foĭ-atofa-ru
|
fut-oĭa
|
eme-ru.
|
| Sun
|
look-3s.AN.PST
|
down
|
PER-branch-PAU
|
play-ADJZ
|
child-PAU
|
The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
| Koa
|
okuĭ
|
ataf-io
|
op-usa
|
foĭ-śari
|
oke
|
aleĭsokoe
|
teĭośaĭ-pu.
|
| west
|
wind
|
blow-3s.INAN.PST
|
GEN-1s
|
PER-face
|
like
|
friendly
|
caress-INDF
|
The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
| Opuo
|
ati
|
suo
|
somus-ese
|
foĭ-tekeĭa.
|
| spool
|
of
|
thread
|
roll-3s.INAN.PST
|
PER-floor
|
A box of growing plants stood in the window.
| Large objects like houses stand. Smaller objects only sit.
|
I am very happy.
| Puf-e
|
toa-lo.
|
| be-1s
|
happy-AUG
|
These oranges are juicy.
| Eloĭ
|
tao-ru
|
śaĭsu
|
kam-oro
|
uĭtamukopa.
|
| this
|
fruit-PAU
|
brown/orange
|
be-3PAU.INAN
|
juicy
|
Sea water is salty.
| The word for saltwater is also used for the ocean. The difference is that the ocean takes the animate gender!
|
The streets are full of people.
| Oset́ala-ńa
|
puf-ilo
|
kart́a-kopa.
|
| street-PL
|
be.3PL.AN
|
person-ADJZ
|
| The word for street is based on the word for river, and therefore takes its animate gender. The suffix -kopa most closely resembles the English suffix -ful.
|
Sugar tastes sweet.
| Tipaĭ
|
soĭs-o
|
pupaĭ.
|
| sugar
|
taste-3s.INAN
|
sweet
|
The fire feels hot.
| Halo
|
tafem-i
|
tinta.
|
| fire
|
has-3s.AN
|
hot
|
| "Feel" in this context usually translates as "have".
|
The little girl seemed lonely.
| Kusa
|
aki
|
iam-io
|
hulo.
|
| girl
|
little
|
seem-3s.AN.PST
|
lonely
|
The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
| When a past-tense verb is followed by the past-tense puf, it indicates the past perfect.
|
I have lost my blanket.
A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
| Posko-pu
|
si
|
palaku
|
ia
|
tiś-oe
|
puf-i
|
o-tahi
|
piaĭsko
|
oĭl-t́itao
|
hisi.
|
| bird-INDF
|
with
|
chest
|
red
|
make-3s.AN.PST
|
PERF-3s.AN
|
GEN-3s.AN
|
nest
|
LOC-fruit.tree
|
appple
|
At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
Their voices sound very happy.
Is today Monday?
| Taa
|
apape
|
kam-i
|
Kat́apaso?
|
| yes/no
|
today
|
be-3s.AN
|
Monday?
|
Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
Will you be ready on time?
| When a past-tense verb is followed by the future-tense puf, it indicates the future perfect. Oĭlt́aĭ, literally "in the time or place of correctness", is used to mean both "on time" and "in the right place".
|
Will you send this message for me?
| Seĭoń-e
|
ikeuk-uku
|
eloĭ
|
karau?
|
| request-1s
|
send-2s.FUT
|
this
|
message
|
| Seĭoń indicates the action requested is for the speaker, unless specified otherwise immediately afterward (such as, "Seĭońo esBob ikeukuku eloĭ karau?", which would indicate the request is from Bob). The following verb is almost always in future-tense, though it might be in present-tense if the request is an immediate command.
|
Are you waiting for me?
Is this the first kitten of the litter?
| Kam-i
|
op-asasa
|
huka
|
umati?
|
| be-3s.INAN
|
GEN-litter
|
first
|
kitten
|
| Genitive precedes other demonstratives.
|
Are these shoes too big for you?
| Eloĭ
|
sauĭ-ki
|
kam-a
|
takeĭ
|
aluĭ
|
fao
|
pepa?
|
| this
|
shoe-DU
|
be-2s
|
too.much
|
big
|
for
|
2s
|
| As an opinion, takeĭ always precedes the word it modifies, even when it's an adjective.
|
How wide is the River?
| Salo
|
toaĭ
|
ose
|
kam-i?
|
| what
|
width
|
river
|
be-3s.AN
|
Listen.
| Pu
|
ioĭs-i.
|
| now.IMP
|
listen-2s
|
Sit here by me.
| Pu
|
osan-i
|
śi
|
oplo
|
husa.
|
| now.IMP
|
sit-2s
|
place
|
by
|
me
|
Keep this secret until tomorrow.
| Kaman-i
|
eloĭ
|
si
|
impolisaĭ
|
saĭ-astoku.
|
| keep-2s
|
this
|
with
|
secrecy
|
LAT-tomorrow
|
| Pu can be omitted for polite requests and when the context makes the imperative mood obvious.
|
Come with us.
Bring your friends with you.
Be careful.
| Pu
|
aeń-u
|
tatu.
|
| now.IMP
|
care-2s
|
carefully
|
Have some tea.
| The plural is often used as a shorthand for the entirety of something, with the paucal denoting a portion of that. Uso pefaĭ is also acceptable. If the subject of the offer isn't clear from the context, the correct pronoun (or name) can be used before the verb.
|
Pip and his dog were great friends.
| Pipo
|
aĭ
|
o-tahi
|
pei
|
kam-uru
|
ufa-lo
|
aleĭso-ki.
|
| Pip
|
and
|
GEN-3s
|
dog
|
be-3DU.PST
|
good-AUG
|
friend-DU
|
| It is common to use kam instead of puf to denote the permanence of the friendship.
|
John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
| Iono
|
aĭ
|
Elisape
|
kam-ara
|
akasa-ki.
|
| John
|
and
|
Elizabeth
|
be-3DU
|
sibling-DU
|
You and I will go together.
| Pepa aĭkusa finekuĭ is also acceptable, denoting separateness before joining together.
|
They opened all the doors and windows.
| Kukof-ira
|
uko
|
t́otoĭ-ńa
|
aĭ
|
ako-ńa.
|
| open-3PAU.PST
|
all
|
door-PL
|
and
|
window-PL
|
| The plural markers are optional (or might be traded for paucal or dual suffixes).
|
He is small, but strong.
| Kam-a
|
aki,
|
ieĭ
|
koĭmeĭ.
|
| be-3s
|
small
|
but
|
strong
|
Is this tree an oak or a maple?
| Salo
|
t́io
|
kam-omo
|
t́ukea-pu
|
a
|
t́uśaĭ-pu?
|
| what
|
tree
|
be-3s.INAN
|
oak-INDF
|
or
|
maple-INDF
|
Does the sky look blue or gray?
| Kompu
|
iam-i
|
tioto
|
a
|
oksomse?
|
| sky
|
seem-3s.AN
|
cyan.blue
|
or
|
gray
|
| Takuni is a dark shade of blue, like navy or cobalt. Tioto is lighter, like cyan or sky blue. Note that the sky is considered animate.
|
Come with your father or mother.
| The possessive pronoun can be distributed across and/or clauses, or you can apply it to both nouns separately: opepa aĭkańa o opepa aĭkaorma.
|
I am tired, but very happy.
| Puf-e
|
saasu,
|
ieĭ
|
toa-lo.
|
| be-1s
|
tired
|
but
|
happy-AUG.
|
He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
| Teĭkuneso
|
asaśaĭ
|
paĭ
|
hat́upu
|
iki
|
paso-ńa
|
akip-ilo
|
takeĭ.
|
| towards
|
ending
|
for
|
summer
|
CONJ.ADV
|
day-PL
|
shrink-3PL.INAN
|
much
|
| Teĭkuneso points at a specific (though possibly unknown) portion of the noun it modifies. (Paĭ asaśaĭ would point to the exact end.)
|
A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
| Haokariso-pu
|
aĭkses-oe
|
piraĭ
|
foĭ-t́o
|
aĭ
|
foĭ-tite.
|
| company.of.soldiers-INDF
|
march-3s.PST
|
over
|
PER-hill
|
and
|
PER-meadow
|
| Piraĭ is used before foĭt́o to disabiguate that they are going over the hill, not along its edge.
|
The first part of the story is very interesting.
| Huka
|
pukunuoĭ
|
ta
|
koĭasu
|
kam-omo
|
uĭlsi-lo.
|
| first
|
portion
|
in
|
story
|
be-3s.INAN
|
interesting-AUG
|
The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
| Aheu
|
śuĭrim-io
|
t́akoati-ru-pu
|
saĭ-tatio
|
aĭ
|
śaĭrim-io
|
uĭte
|
saĭ-kata
|
piraĭ.
|
| crow
|
drop-3s.PST
|
pebble-PAU-INDF
|
LAT-pitcher
|
&
|
raise-3s.PST
|
water
|
LAT-edge
|
upper
|
The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
| Seaĭ
|
talus-oe
|
aĭ
|
iah-io
|
si
|
toa-lo.
|
| baby
|
clap-3s.AN.PST
|
and
|
laugh-3s.AN.PST
|
with
|
happy-AUG
|
Stop your game and be quiet.
| Pu
|
akiś-u
|
o-pepa
|
satuĭke
|
aĭ
|
tofoas-i.
|
| IMP
|
stop-2s
|
GEN-2s
|
game
|
and
|
be.quiet-2s
|
The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
Do you like summer or winter better?
| Eli
|
ipan-oe
|
ufa-moĭ-lo
|
soĭ
|
tarhuĭa
|
a
|
hat́upu?
|
| which
|
like-2s
|
good-COMP-AUG
|
of.the.following
|
winter
|
or
|
summer
|
That boy will have a wonderful trip.
| Eĭna
|
kulo
|
tafem-iu
|
tamese
|
fiśaĭ-pu.
|
| that
|
boy
|
have-3s.AN.FUT
|
wonderful
|
trip-INDF
|
They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
| Utip-ila
|
huka
|
satuĭke-ki,
|
uoĭ
|
teĺoś-ile
|
oĺai
|
eĭloĭ
|
| won-3PL.ANIM.PST
|
first
|
game-DU
|
but
|
lose-3PL.ANIM.PST
|
last
|
that.one
|
Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
| Pu
|
oĭpup-a
|
eloĭ
|
karaati,
|
ikeuk-a
|
o-pepa
|
sai-aorma;
|
aĭ
|
akiś-u
|
paĭ
|
puĭsaśaĭ-pu.
|
| IMP
|
receive-2s
|
this
|
note
|
deliver-2s
|
GEN-2s
|
LAT-mother
|
&
|
wait-2s
|
for
|
answer-INDF
|
I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
| Soko
|
feuń-e
|
pokaĭ,
|
foatatu
|
t́asaf-ee,
|
aĭ
|
śuim-ee
|
paĭ
|
t́aśeĭ.
|
| early
|
wake-1s.PST
|
REFL
|
hasty
|
dress-1s.PST
|
and
|
go.down-1s.PST
|
for
|
breakfast
|
| The reflexive pronoun pokaĭ stands in for any noun, typically the last reference. Both feuń and t́asaf are transitive and require an object, but since the reflexive was used for the first verb in the sentence, the second can be omitted and will be understood to have a reflexive object as well.
|
Aha! I have caught you!
This string is too short!
| Eloĭ
|
suo
|
puf-ofo
|
takeĭ
|
aĭlo!
|
| this
|
string
|
be-3s.INAN
|
too
|
short
|
